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. 2019 Jul 15;9:10203. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46608-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of the relationship between relative humidity and ageing time for ZPP. The binder’s performance often degrades over time and with increasing relative humidity. As the binder degrades, it increasingly exposes the surface area of ZPP to the ambience. High relative humidity levels cause the Zr to oxidise, forming a ZrO₂ coat. Ultimately, ageing causes the oxidants to decompose and the fuel to onse, both of which result in reduced ZPP performance.