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. 2019 Jul 15;9:10203. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46608-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation energies for all ZPP samples, calculated using the (a) Friedman and (b) Ozawa methods. Both methods show similar trends among all samples. The activation energies are lower for the thermal ageing case but increase considerably under higher RH conditions. These results indicate that KClO₃, an intermediate product of thermal ageing, can lower the activation energy. The high-RH results also indicate that the increases in ZrO₂ content due to hygrothermal ageing made it more difficult for the fuel and oxidants to react.