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. 2019 Jul 15;9:10236. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46724-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of uremic toxins on monocyte differentiation. Sodium citrate blood from healthy donors (n = 8) was incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in the presence of the salt control solution (Ctrl), sulfate mixture [indoxyl sulfate (IxS), p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), phenyl sulfate (PhS); sulfates], glucuronide mixture [indoxyl glucuronide (IG), p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG), phenyl glucuronide (PhG); glucuronides] or thrombine receptor activator peptide (TRAP). Data express the percentage of monocyte subtypes. Results are presented a mean ± SD. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.0005 vs. Ctrl.