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. 2019 Jul 15;9:10216. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46681-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visualization of the phellogen layer. A GUS reporter assay (a,b) was used to examine the phellogen layer. Microtubers were induced from transgenic potato plants carrying GUS fused to (a) the promoter region of the MITOTIC CYCLIN B1 gene or (b) the Arabidopsis cytokinin responsive element ARR5, and sections of microtubers were subjected to GUS (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide) staining. Phellogen appears as blue layer (black arrows). Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate the phellogen cells (c, outlined in red) – left panel, before excision of the phellogen; right panel after the excision. Potato skin is characterized by well-organized columns of phellem cells. The phellogen layer is located just below the phellem, each cambial cell at the base of a phellem column. The actively dividing phellogen cells can be easily identified by their puffy morphology (c). Thin bars: 100 µm; thick bar: 1000 µm.