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. 2019 Jul 15;9:10228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46494-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Box and whisker plot showing Shannon index analysis for each sample site. The richness and evenness of spread related to abundance of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from patients with DS (blue) compared with patients without DS (red) in samples of the (A) denture-fitting surface, (B) palatal mucosa surface and (C) tongue. A general increase in Shannon index of each sample site indicated higher diversity and more equal distribution of abundance in samples from patients without clinical presentation of DS compared with patients with DS.