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. 2019 Jul 15;9:10228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46494-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Box and whisker lot showing Chao index analysis, with samples grouped by sample site, DS state and sub-grouped by smoking status. A significant reduction was observed in smokers with DS relative to non-smokers with DS and non-smokers without DS (P < 0.05) and smokers without DS (P < 0.01) in samples of the tongue, but no significant differences were observed in samples of the denture-fitting surface. Samples of the palate showed a similar trend to that of the tongue, but with no statistical significance.