Table 1. Serial intravascular ultrasound studies of plaque progression/regression.

Study	Year	Design	Treatment	N	Follow-up	LDL-C		IVUS assessment	Serial IVUS results
						at baseline	at follow-up
Mild to moderate intensity statin studies
KOBE	1997	RCT	Pravastatin 10 mg Control	13 12	3 years	150.2 165.4	133	Plaque area	−7% (p < 0.001) +27%
GAIN	2001	RCT	Atorvastatin 20–80 mg Control	48 51	12 months	155 166	86 140	% change in PV	+2.5% (p = 0.14) 11.80%
LACMART	2002	OBS	Medication plus LDL-apheresis Medication only	11 7	12 months	213 174	140 181	Plaque area	−0.69 mm2 (p = 0.017) + 0.88 mm2
ESTABLISH	2004	RCT	Atorvastatin 20 mg Control	24 24	6 months	124.6 123.9	70 119.4	% change in PV	−13.1% (p < 0.0001) +8.7%
JAPAN-ACS	2009	RCT	Atorvastatin 20 mg Pitavastatin 4 mg	127 125	10 months	130.9 133.8	81.1 84.1	% change in PV	−18.1% (p = 0.5) −16.90%
COSMOS	2009	OBS	Rosuvastatin 2.5–20 mg	126	18 months	140.2	82.9	% change in PV	−5.10% (p < 0.0001 vs. baseline)
High intensity statin studies
REVERSAL	2004	RCT	Atorvastatin 80 mg Pravastatin 40 mg	253 249	18 months	150.2 150.2	78.9 110.4	Change in PAV	−0.4% (p = 0.02) 2.70%
ASTEROID	2006	OBS	Rosuvastatin 40 mg	349	24 months	130.4	60.8	Change in PAV	−0.98% (p = 0.001 vs. baseline)
SATURN	2011	RCT	Atorvastatin 80 mg Rosuvastatin 40 mg	519 520	24 months	119.9 120.0	70.2 62.6	Change in PAV	−0.99% (p = 0.17) −1.22%
Additional non-statin studies on the top of statin
ZEUS49	2014	OBS	Atorvastatin plus ezetimibe 10 mg Atorvastatin alone	45 50	6 months	116.2 114.3	56.8 70.3	% change in PV	−12.5% (p = 0.06) −7.50%
PRECISE-IVUS	2015	RCT	Atorvastatin plus ezetimibe 10 mg Atorvastatin alone	100 102	10 months	109.8 108.3	63.2 73.3	Change in PAV	−5.2% (p < 0.001) −1.30%
GRAGOV	2016	RCT	Statin+PCSK9i Statin alone	423 423	18 months	92.6 92.4	36.6 93.0	Change in PAV	−0.95% (p < 0.0001) 0.05%

RCT: randomized controlled trial; OBS: observational study: PV: plaque volume; PAV: percent atheroma volume; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound