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. 2019 Jul 9;10:821. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00821

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Copyright © 2019 Nakayama, Takahashi and Waki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Protein-protein interactions among flavonoid enzymes. Black, double-headed arrows denote interactions between flavonoid enzymes (circles; see Figure 1 for enzyme abbreviations), with numerals indicating methods used for detection of protein-protein interactions: 1, Y2H and split-ubiquitin Y2H; 2, BiFC; 3, IP; 4, AC; 5, FRET; 6, SPR; and 7, LuCIA. Green and blue double-headed arrows denote interactions between flavonoid enzymes and proteins with no enzymatic activity. (A) Interactions among flavonoid enzymes and proteins in O. sativa. (B) Interactions among flavonoid enzymes and proteins in A. thaliana. FLS1 and DFR interact with CHS in a mutually exclusive manner in planta. (C) Interactions among flavonoid enzymes in G. max L. (Merr.) proposed by (a) Waki et al. (2016) and Mameda et al. (2018) and (b) Dastmalchi et al. (2016). Interactions with asterisks were reported to be absent or very weak by other groups. (D) Interactions among flavonoid enzymes in A. majus. (E) Interactions among flavonoid enzymes in T. hybrida. Interactions shown here do not necessarily take place simultaneously. Also, because temporal and spatial expression patterns of enzymes and proteins involved in flavonoid biosynthesis may vary, metabolon components could be different in cells from different organ/tissues and at different growth stages.