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Neuronal and astrocytic IGF-1 might have different roles in excitotoxicity. Neuronal and astrocytic IGF-1 seem to have different effects in excitotoxicity. When neurons alone are treated with KA, they are prone to be hyperphosphorylated with increased GSK-3β activity; in contrast, while neurons are co-cultured with astrocytes, they are resilient to KA and become less phosphorylated due to secretion of astrocytic IGF-1.
