. 2019 Jul 9;13:675. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00675

TABLE 4.

Direct and mediated effects of sex on spatial abilities.

		age	IQ	masc	Fem	M/F	T	E	P	E/T	E/P	T/P
MRT Accuracy	Indirect	–0.03	–0.05	–0.20	0.09	0.01	0.04	–0.01	–0.22	–0.29	< 0.01	–0.08
	Direct	–0.77^∗∗∗	–0.76^∗∗	−0.59^*	–0.90^∗∗∗	−0.82^*	–0.78^∗∗	–0.82^∗∗∗	−0.60^*	−0.53^∼	–0.82^∗∗∗	–0.74^∗∗
	Total	–0.81^∗∗∗	–0.81^∗∗∗	–0.79^∗∗∗	–0.81^∗∗∗	–0.81^∗∗∗	–0.81^∗∗∗	–0.82^∗∗∗	–0.82^∗∗∗	–0.83^∗∗∗	–0.82^∗∗∗	–0.82^∗∗∗
	%mediated	0.03	0.05	0.25	–0.10	–0.02	–0.04	< 0.01	0.26	0.36	< 0.01	0.09
VNT RT	Indirect	< 0.01	0.07	–0.22	–0.28	–0.33	0.15	0.006	–0.25	0.11	0.10	0.11
	Direct	0.60^∗∗	0.54^*	0.82^*	0.88^*	0.92^*	0.45	0.59^*	0.85^∗∗	0.48	0.49	0.47
	Total	0.60^∗∗	0.60^∗∗	0.60^∗∗	0.60^∗∗	0.59^∗∗	0.60^∗∗∗	0.59^*	0.61^∗∗	0.59^∗∗	0.59^∗∗	0.58^*
	%mediated	< 0.01	0.10	–0.34	–0.44	–0.56	0.25	0.003	–0.40	0.18	0.16	0.18

Sex differences were not mediated by demographic variables, gender role or sex hormones. MRT, mental rotation task; VNT, virtual navigation task; RT, reaction time; Masc, masculinity; fem, femininity; T, testosterone; E, estradiol; P, progesterone. ^∼p < 0.10, ^*p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.