Skip to main content
. 2019 Jul 9;10:834. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00834

Table 1.

The known non-volatile constituents of Arctium species.

No Compound name Formula Species Plant origin/part Analytical method References
Lignans
1 Diarctigenin C42H46O12 A. lappa Fruits, roots, seeds IR/NMR/MS/TLC Han et al., 1994; Park et al., 2007; Qin et al., 2014
2 Arctiin C27H34O11 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Leaves, fruits, roots, seeds UV/IR/MS/NMR/HPLC/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Wang and Yang, 1993; Ting-Guo et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2003; Ming et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005, 2012, 2015; Wang et al., 2005; Matsumoto et al., 2006; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Ferracane et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2011; Qin et al., 2014; Su et al., 2015; Lou et al., 2016; Al-Shammaa et al., 2017
3 Arctigenin C12H24O7 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Leaves, fruits, seeds, roots UV/MS/NMR/HPLC/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS/ HRESI-MS Umehara et al., 1993; Wang and Yang, 1993; Liu et al., 2005, 2012, 2015; Matsumoto et al., 2006; Gao et al., 2008; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Ferracane et al., 2010; Predes et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Qin et al., 2014; Su et al., 2015; Al-Shammaa et al., 2017
4 Arctigenin-4-O-β-D-gentiobioside C18 H32 O16 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
5 Arctigenin-4-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C18 H32 O16 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
6 Arctigenin-4-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C32 H42 O15 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
7 3-benzyl-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2,5-piperazinedione C13 H16 N2O3 A. lappa Fruits IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Yang et al., 2012
8 3-benzyl-2,5- piperazinedione C13H16N2O2 A. lappa Fruits IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Yang et al., 2012
9 5′-propanediolmatairesinoside C29 H38O13 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
10 (7′R,8R,8’R)-rafanotrachelogenin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C27 H34 O12 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
11 (7′S,8R,8′R)-rafanotrachelogenin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C27 H34 O12 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
12 (7S,8S,8’R)-4,7-dihydroxy-3,3’,4-trimethoxyl-9-oxo benzylbutyrolactone lignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C27 H34O12 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
13 (7S,8S,8’R)-4,7- dihydroxy-3,3′,4′-trimethoxyl-9-oxo dibenzylbutyrolactone lignin C21H24O7 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
14 (7R,8S,8′R)-4,7,4′-trihydroxy-3,3′- dimethoxyl-9-oxo dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26 H32O12 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
15 7,8-didehydroarctigenin C21H22O5 A. lappa Fruits HRFAB/EIMS/NMR Matsumoto et al., 2006
16 Arctiidilactone C20H20O8 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
17 Arctiiapolignan A C20H28O10 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
18 Arctiisesquineolignan A C42H52O19 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
19 Arctiisesquineolignan B C36H46O16 A. lappa Fruits UV/IR/HRESIMS/NMR He etal., 2016
20 Arctiiphenolglycoside A C19H28O13 A. lappa Fruits UV/IR/HRESIMS/NMR He etal., 2016
21 Arctignan A C30H34O10 A. lappa Seeds UV/MS/NMR/HPLC Umehara et al., 1993
22 Arctignan B C30H34O10 A. lappa Seeds UV/MS/NMR/HPLC Umehara et al., 1993
23 Arctignan C C30H32O10 A. lappa Seeds UV/MS/NMR/HPLC Umehara et al., 1993
24 Arctignan D C30H34O10 A. lappa Seeds UV/MS/NMR/HPLC/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Umehara et al., 1993; Liu et al., 2012
25 Arctignan E C40H44O13 A. lappa Seeds UV/IR/MS/NMR/HPLC Umehara et al., 1993; Ming et al., 2004; Ferracane et al., 2010; Qin et al., 2014
26 Lappaol A C30H32O9 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Seeds/fruits TLC/UV/IR/MS/NMR/HPLC Ichihara et al., 1976; Ting-Guo et al., 2001; Ming et al., 2004; Ferracane et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2014; Su et al., 2015
27 Lappaol B C31H34O9 A. lappa Seeds/fruits NMR/MS/TLC/HPLC Ichihara et al., 1976; Qin et al., 2014
28 Isolappaol C C30H34O10 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Seeds/fruits NMR/MS/TLC Park et al., 2007; Qin et al., 2014; Su et al., 2015
29 Lappaol C C30H34O10 A. lappa Seeds TLC/UV/IR/MS/NMR Ichihara et al., 1977; Ting-Guo et al., 2001; Ming et al., 2004; Park et al., 2007; Ferracane et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012; Su et al., 2015
30 Lappaol D C31H36O10 A. lappa Seeds NMR/MS/TLC Ichihara et al., 1977; Park et al., 2007
31 Lappaol E C30H34O10 A. lappa Seeds NMR/MS/TLC Ichihara et al., 1977; Park et al., 2007
32 Lappaol F C42H46O12 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Fruits, seeds TLC/UV/IR/MS/NMR/HPLC Ting-Guo et al., 2001; Ming et al., 2004; Park et al., 2007; Ferracane et al., 2010; Qin et al., 2014
33 Lappaol H C40H46O14 A. lappa Seeds/fruits UV/MS/NMR/HPLC/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Liu et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2014
34 Neoarctin A C42H46O12 A. lappa Seeds UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, 2D-NMR and MS Wang and Yang, 1995; Yong et al., 2007
35 Neoarctin B C42H46O12 A. lappa Seeds UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, 2D-NMR and MS Wang and Yang, 1993
36 Matairesinoside C26H32O11 A. lappa Fruits UV/IR/HPLC Boldizsar et al., 2010
37 Matairesinol C20H22O6 A. lappa Seeds/fruits UV/MS/NMR/HPLC/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Wang and Yang, 1993; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Ferracane et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2014; Su et al., 2015
38 Matairesinol-4,4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C27 H34 O12 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
39 Pinoresinol C20H22O6 A. lappa Fruits UV/IR/HPLC Boldizsar et al., 2010
40 Phylligenin C21H24O6 A. lappa Fruits UV/IR/HPLC Boldizsar et al., 2010
41 Styraxlignolide E C26H32O11 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
42 Styraxlignolide D C26H32O11 A. lappa Fruits NMR/UV/IR/ORD/HRESIMS Yang et al., 2015
43 Syringaresinol C22H26O8 A. lappa Roots UV/IR/ESIMS/NMR Han et al., 2013
44 (7S, 8R)-4,7,9,9′-tetrahydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxyl-7′-oxo-8-4′-oxyneolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26 H34 O13 A. lappa Roots IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Yang et al., 2012
45 (7′S, 8′R, 8S)-4,4′,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-7′,9-epoxylignan-7-oxo-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C32 H42 O17 A. lappa Roots IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Yang et al., 2012
46 (7S, 8R)-4,7,9,9′-tetrahydroxy-3,3′dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan-9′-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C31H44O16 A. lappa Fruits IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Huang K. et al., 2015; Huang X.Y. et al., 2015
47 (8R)-4,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-7-oxo-8-O-4′-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26 H34 O12 A. lappa Fruits IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Huang K. et al., 2015; Huang X.Y. et al., 2015
48 (7R, 8S)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-7′-oxo-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26 H32 O12 A. lappa Fruits IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Huang K. et al., 2015; Huang X.Y. et al., 2015
49 (7′S, 8′R, 8S)-4,4′,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-7′,9-epoxylignan-7-oxo-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside C26 H32 O12 A. lappa Fruits IR/HR-ESI-MS/NMR/CD Huang K. et al., 2015; Huang X.Y. et al., 2015
50 Trachelogenin C21H24O7 A. lappa Fruits – Ichikawa et al., 1986
Terpenes/Terpenoids
51 β-eudesmol C15H26O A. lappa Fruits – Yayli et al., 2005
52 Ursolic acid C30H48O3 A. lappa Root UV/IR/ESIMS/NMR Han et al., 2013
53 Oleanolic acid C30H48O3 A. lappa Roots UV/IR/ESIMS/NMR Han et al., 2013
54 Arctiopicrin C19H26O6 A. lappa, A. minus Leaves TLC/NMR Savina et al., 2006
55 Onopordopicrin C19H24O6 A. lappa, A. nemorosum Leaves/aerial parts TLC/HPLC/NMR/HR-ESI-TOF-MS Barbosa et al., 1993; Savina et al., 2006; Machado et al., 2012; Zimmermann et al., 2012
56 Dehydrovomifoliol C13H18O3 A. lappa Leaves NMR/HR-ESI-TOF-MS Machado et al., 2012
57 Loliolide C11H16O3 A. lappa Leaves NMR/HR-ESI-TOF-MS Machado et al., 2012
58 Dehydromelitensin-8-(4′-hydroxymethacrylate) C15 H24 O6 A. lappa Leaves NMR/HR-ESI-TOF-MS Machado et al., 2012
59 Dehydromelitensin C15H20O4 A. lappa Leaves NMR/HR-ESI-TOF-MS Machado et al., 2012
60 Melitensin C15H22O4 A. lappa Leaves NMR/HR-ESI-TOF-MS Machado et al., 2012
61 3α-acetoxyhop-22(29)-ene C30H49O2 A. lappa Leaves NMR, IR and MS Jeelani and Khuroo, 2012
62 3α-hydroxylanosta-5,15-diene C30 H50O A. lappa Leaves NMR, IR and MS Jeelani and Khuroo, 2012
Flavonoids
63 Baicalin C21H18O11 A. lappa Uchiyama et al., 2005
64 Luteolin C25H24O12 A. lappa Leaves/roots UPLC/LC/MS/MS Ferracane et al., 2010; Lou et al., 2010a; Tang et al., 2014
65 Rutin C27H30O16 A. lappa, A. minus Leaves TLC/UPLC/LC/MS/MS Saleh and Bohm, 1971; Lou et al., 2010a,b
66 Quercitrin C21H20O11 A. lappa Leaves/roots UPLC/LC/MS/MS Lou et al., 2010a
67 Quercetin C15H10O7 A. lappa Leaves/roots UPLC/LC/MS/MS/HRESI-MS Lou et al., 2010a; Predes et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2014
68 Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide C21H18O13 A. lappa Roots HPTLC/LC/ESI–MS/MS Rajasekharan et al., 2015
69 Quercetin 3-vicianoside C26H28O16 A. lappa Roots HPTLC/LC/ESI–MS/MS Rajasekharan et al., 2015
70 Quercetin rhamnoside C21H20O11 A. lappa roots HPLC/LC/MS/MS Ferracane et al., 2010
71 Quercimeritrin C21H20O12 A. minus Leaves TLC Saleh and Bohm, 1971
72 Isoquercetin C21H20O12 A. minus Leaves TLC Saleh and Bohm, 1971
73 Astragalin C21H20O11 A. minus Leaves TLC Saleh and Bohm, 1971
74 Kaempferol-3-o-rhamnoglucoside C27 H30 O15 A. minus Leaves TLC Saleh and Bohm, 1971
75 Biachanin A C16H12O5 A. lappa Roots – Tamayo et al., 2000; Eberding et al., 2007
76 Genestein C15H10O5 A. lappa Roots – Tamayo et al., 2000; Eberding et al., 2007
77 Nobiletin C21H22O8 A. lappa Roots – Tamayo et al., 2000; Eberding et al., 2007
78 Tangeretin C20H20O7 A. lappa Roots – Tamayo et al., 2000
Sterols
79 β-sitosterol C29H50O A. lappa, A. tomentosum Seeds/roots/fruits UV/IR/MS/NMR/HPLC Ting-Guo et al., 2001; Ming et al., 2004; Han et al., 2013
80 Sitosterol-beta-D-glucopyranoside C35 H60 O6 A. lappa Roots IR/NMR/EI-MS Miyazawa et al., 2005
81 Daucosterol C35H60O6 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Seeds/fruits UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, 2D-NMR and MS/HPLC Wang and Yang, 1993; Ting-Guo et al., 2001; Han et al., 2013
Fatty acids
82 Docosanoic acid C22H44O2 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
83 Eicosanoic acid C20H40O2 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
84 cis-13-eicosenoic acid C20H38O2 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
85 Methyl palmitate C17H34O2 A. lappa – IR/NMR/EI-MS Miyazawa et al., 2005
86 Methyl linoleate C19H34O2 A. lappa – IR/NMR/EI-MS Miyazawa et al., 2005
87 Methyl linolenate C19H32O2 A. lappa Roots IR/NMR/EI-MS/GCMS Miyazawa et al., 2005; Kuo et al., 2012
88 Methyl stearate C19H38O2 A. lappa – IR/NMR/EI-MS Miyazawa et al., 2005
89 Methyl oleate C19H36O2 A. lappa Roots IR/NMR/EI-MS/GCMS Miyazawa et al., 2005; Kuo et al., 2012
90 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Fruits/seeds UV/TLC/IR/NMR/EIMS/GCMS Miyazawa et al., 2005; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Zong et al., 2013
91 9-hexadecenoic acid C16H30O2 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
92 Linoleic acid C18H32O2 A. lappa Roots IR/NMR/EI-MS/GCMS Miyazawa et al., 2005; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Kuo et al., 2012
93 Linolenic acid C18H30O2 A. lappa Fruits IR/NMR/EI-MS; GCMS Miyazawa et al., 2005
94 Stearic acid C17H35CO2H A. lappa Fruits IR/NMR/EI-MS Miyazawa et al., 2005
95 9,12-octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
96 Oleic acid C18H34O2 A. lappa Fruits UV/IR/HPLC/NMR/EI-MS Miyazawa et al., 2005; Boldizsar et al., 2010
97 Oxiraneoctanoic acid C19H36O3 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
98 Tetracosanoic acid C24H48O2 A. tomentosum Seeds GCMS Zong et al., 2013
Acetylenic compounds
99 Arctinone-a C13H10O2S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
100 Arctinone-b C13H10OS2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
101 Arctinol-a C13H12O2S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
102 Arctinol-b C13H12O2S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
103 Arctinal C12H8OS2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
104 Arctic acid-b C13H8O3S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
105 Arctic acid-c C13H10O3S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
106 Methyl arctate-b C14H10O3S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
107 Arctinone-a acetate C15H10O3S2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986
108 Dehydrodihydrocostus lactone C15H21O2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986, 1987
109 Dehydrocostus lactone C15H19O2 A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986, 1987
110 Lappaphen-a C27H26O4S A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986, 1987
111 Lappaphen-b C27H26O4S A. lappa Roots UV/TLC/IR/NMR/MS Washino et al., 1986, 1987
Carboxylic acids/Quinic acids and derivatives
112 Caffeic acid C9H8O4 A. lappa Seeds/leaves/roots TLC/HPLC/UPLC/LC/MS/ HRESI-MS Chen et al., 2004; Lin and Harnly, 2008; Lou et al., 2010a,b; Ferracane et al., 2010; Predes et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2014; Lou et al., 2016; Al-Shammaa et al., 2017
113 Caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside C15H18O9 A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Lou et al., 2016
114 Chlorogenic acid C16H18O9 A. lappa Seeds/leaves/roots TLC/HPTLC/HPLC/UPLC/LC/MS/MALDI-QIT-TOF MS/ HRESI-MS Wang et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2004; Lin and Harnly, 2008; Ferracane et al., 2010; Lou et al., 2010a,b; Predes et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Haghi et al., 2013; Qin et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Lou et al., 2016; Al-Shammaa et al., 2017
115 p-coumaric acid C9H8O3 A. lappa Seeds/leaves/roots UPLC/EIMS Lou et al., 2010a,b; Tang et al., 2014
116 Coumaroylquinic acid C16H18O8 A. lappa Roots HPTLC/LC/ESI–MS/MS Rajasekharan et al., 2015
117 Benzoic Acid C7H6O2 A. lappa Leaves UPLC/EIMS Lou et al., 2010a,b
118 Cynarin C25H24O12 A. lappa Seeds/leaves/roots UPLC/LC/MS Ferracane et al., 2010; Lou et al., 2010a, 2016; Tang et al., 2014
119 Caffeoyl-hexose-hydroxyphenol C21 H21O10 A. lappa Roots HPTLC/LC/ESI–MS/MS Rajasekharan et al., 2015
120 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid C16H18O9 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Tousch et al., 2014
121 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid C16H18O9 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Tousch et al., 2014
122 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid C16H18O9 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Tousch et al., 2014
123 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid C16H18O9 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Tousch et al., 2014
124 1-O-,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 A. lappa Roots HPLC/NMR/MS Maruta et al., 1995; Wang et al., 2001; Han et al., 2013; Rajasekharan et al., 2015
125 1-O-, 5-O-dicaffeoyl-3-O-succinylquinaiccid C35 H40 015 A. lappa Roots NMR/EI-MS Maruta et al., 1995
126 1-O,-5-O-dicaffeoyl-4-O-succinylquinic acid C29H35015 A. lappa Roots NMR/MS Maruta et al., 1995
127 1-O-,5-O-dicaffeoyl-3-O- C33H39018 A. lappa Roots NMR/MS Maruta et al., 1995
128 4-O-disuccinylquaicniidc and 1-O-,3-0-,5-O-tricaffeoyl-4-O-succinylquinic acid C38H41018 A. lappa Roots NMR/MS Maruta et al., 1995
129 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 A. lappa Seeds/roots LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Liu et al., 2012
130 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 A. lappa Leaves/Seeds/roots UPLC/HPLC/PDA/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Maruta et al., 1995; Lin and Harnly, 2008; Liu et al., 2012; Haghi et al., 2013; Tousch et al., 2014
131 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-4-O-maloylquinic acid C29H27O16 A. lappa Roots LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
132 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-3-O-maloylquinic acid C25H27O16 A. lappa Roots LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
133 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-3-O-succinoylquinic acid C29H27O15 A. lappa Roots LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Maruta et al., 1995; Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
134 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-3,4-di-O-succinoylquinic acid C33H31O18 A. lappa Roots LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
135 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl-4-O-succinoylquinic acid C38H33O18 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
136 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid C34H29O15 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
137 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-3-O-succinoyl-4-O-maloyquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS/ MALDI-QIT-TOF MS Liu et al., 2012
138 5-sinapoylquinic acid C18H22O10 A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
139 3-sinapoyl-5-caffeoylquinic acid C27H28O13 A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
140 3-sinapoyl-5-caffeoyl-1-methoxyoxaloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
141 4-sinapoyl-5-caffeoyl-1-methoxyoxaloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
142 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 A. lappa Roots/seeds LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
143 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid C25H23O12 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Tousch et al., 2014
144 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008; Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Tousch et al., 2014
145 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 A. lappa Roots/seeds LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
146 3,5-dicaffeoyl-1-methoxyoxaloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
147 3-feruloyl-5-caffeoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
148 4,5-dicaffeoyl-1-methoxyoxaloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
149 3-sinapoyl-5-caffeoyl-4-methoxyoxaloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
150 1,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid C34H30O15 A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
151 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
152 1,4,5-tricaffeoyl-3-methoxyoxaloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LC-DAD-ESI/MS Lin and Harnly, 2008
153 3-succinoyl-4,5-dicaffeoyl – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
154 1,5-dicaffeoyl-3-succinoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots HPLC/LCMS Wang et al., 2001; Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
155 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-4-O-succinoylquinic acid C29H27O15 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Maruta et al., 1995; Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Tousch et al., 2014
156 3,4-dicaffeoyl-5-succinoylquinic acid C29H28O15 A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
157 1,3-dicaffeoyl-5-fumaroylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
158 1,5-dicaffeoyl-4-fumaroylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
159 1,5-dicaffeoyl-3-maloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
160 1,4-di-O-caffeoyl-3-O-maloylquinic Acid C29H27O16 A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
161 1,3-di-O-caffeoyl-4,5-di-O-maloylquinic C33 H31 O20 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Tousch et al., 2014
162 1,5-dicaffeoyl-4-maloylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
163 1,4-di-O-maloyl-3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid C31H33O20 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Tousch et al., 2014
164 1,3,5-tricaffeoyl-4-succinoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
165 1,5-dicaffeoyl-3,4-disuccinoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
166 1,5-dicaffeoyl-3-fumaroyl-4-succinoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
167 1-fumaroyl-3,5-dicaffeoyl-4-succinoylquinic acid – A. lappa Roots LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011
168 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-3-O-succinoyl-4-O-maloylquinic acid C33H31O19 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Jaiswal and Kuhnert, 2011; Tousch et al., 2014
169 Dimaloyl-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer 1 C33H31O20 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
170 Succinoyl-tricaffeoylquinic acid isomer C38H33O18 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
171 Maloyl-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer C29H27O15 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
172 Dicaffeoyl-succinoyl-malonylquinic acid isomer 1 C33H31O19 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
173 Dicaffeoyl-succinoyl-malonylquinic acid isomer 2 C33H31O20 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
174 Dimaloyl-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer 2 C33H31O20 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
175 Dimaloyl-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer 3 C33H31O20 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
176 Maloyl-tricaffeoylquinic isomer C28H32O19 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
177 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl-4-O-maloylquinic Acid C38H33O19 A. lappa Roots GCMS/LCMS Tousch et al., 2014
178 5-hydroxymaltol C6H6O4 A. lappa Roots UV/IR/ESIMS/NMR Han et al., 2013
179 Succinic acid C4H6O4 A. lappa Roots UV/IR/ESIMS/NMR Han et al., 2013
Saccharides/Polysaccharides
180 Rhamnogalacturonan C117H178O101 A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993; Carlotto et al., 2016
181 Xylan (C5H8O4)n A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993
182 Arabinan C9H13N3O5 A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/ NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993; Carlotto et al., 2016
183 Arabinogalactan C20H36O14 A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/ NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993; Carlotto et al., 2016
184 Galactan C18H32O16 A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/ NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993
185 Cellulose C64H124O30 A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/ NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993
186 Xyloglucan C51H86O42 A. lappa, A. minus Roots/leaves Chromatography/ NMR/sugar analysis Kato and Watanabe, 1993
187 Galacturonic acid C6H10O7 A. lappa Roots/leaves Chromatography/ NMR Carlotto et al., 2016
188 Galacturonic acid C6H10O7 A. lappa Roots Chromatography Fuchigami et al., 1990
189 Galactose C6H12O6 A. lappa Roots/leaves/fruits Chromatography/ NMR Fuchigami et al., 1990; Kardosova et al., 2003; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Carlotto et al., 2016
190 Glucose C6H12O6 A. lappa Roots/leaves/fruits UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Kardosova et al., 2003; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Li et al., 2013; Carlotto et al., 2016
191 Mannose C6H12O6 A. lappa Roots/leaves NMR Carlotto et al., 2016
192 Sucrose C12H22O11 A. lappa Roots UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Boldizsar et al., 2010; Li et al., 2013
193 Raffinose C18H32O16 A. lappa Fruits UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Boldizsar et al., 2010
194 Rhamnose C6H12O5 A. lappa Roots/leaves/fruits UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Boldizsar et al., 2010; Carlotto et al., 2016
195 Arabinose C5H10O5 A. lappa Roots/leaves/fruits UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Fuchigami et al., 1990; Kardosova et al., 2003; Boldizsar et al., 2010; Carlotto et al., 2016
196 Inulin (fructan) (C6H10O5)n A. lappa, A. tomentosum Roots HPTLC/MS/NMR/HPLC-ELSD Kardosova et al., 2003; Turdumambetov et al., 2004; Milani et al., 2011; Olennikov and Tankhaeva, 2011; Li et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014
197 Fructose C6H12O6 A. lappa Roots HPLC-ELSD Li et al., 2013
198 Sorbitol C6H14O6 A. lappa Fruits UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Boldizsar et al., 2010
199 Mannitol C6H14O6 A. lappa Fruits UV/NMR/HPLC/GCMS Boldizsar et al., 2010
Others
200 Crocin C44H64O24 A. lappa Leaves UPLC Lou et al., 2016
201 b-asparagine C4H8N2O3 A. lappa, A. tomentosum Roots IR/NMR Boev, 2005