Table 2.

Volatile constituents of Arctium spp.

S. No	Compound name	Formula	Species	Plant origin/part	Analytical method	References
	Hydrocarbons
1	Aplotaxene	C17H28	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
2	Clovene	C15H24	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
3	Dihydroaplotaxene	C17H30	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
4	Docosane	C22H46	A. lappa	Leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
5	Eicosane	C20H42	A. lappa	Roots/leaves/seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
6	1-Heptadecene	C17H34	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
7	Heptacosane	C27H56	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
8	Hexacosane	C26H54	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
9	Nonadecane	C19H40	A. lappa	Leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
10	2-Naphthalenemethanol	C11H10O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Wang et al., 2004
11	1-Pentadecene	C15H30	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
12	Pentacosane	C25H52	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
13	Pentadecane	C15H32	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
14	Tetracosane	C24H50	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
15	Tetradecane	C14H30	A. lappa	Leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
	Aldehydes
16	Benzaldehyde	C7H6O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987; Wang et al., 2004
17	Butanal	C4H8O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
18	Decanal	C10H20O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
19	Dodecanal	C12H24O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
20	Heptanal	C7H14O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
21	Hexanal	C6H12O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
22	(Z)-3-Hexenal	C6H10O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
23	(E)-2-Hexenal	C6H10O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
24	2-Methylpropanal	C4H8O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
25	3-Methylbutanal	C5H10O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
26	Nonanal	C9H18O	A. lappa	Roots/leaves/seeds	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
27	Octanal	C8H16O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
28	(E)-2-Octanal	C8H14O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
29	Phenylacetaldehyde	C8H8O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
30	Pentanal	C5H10O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
31	Propanal	C3H6O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
32	Tridecanal	C13H26O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
33	4-Methoxybenzaldehyde	C8H8O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
34	Undecanal	C11H22O	A. lappa	Roots		Washino et al., 1986, 1987
	Methoxypyrazines
35	2-Methoxy-3-methylpyrazine	C6H8N2O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
36	2-Isopropyl- 3-methyoxylpyrazine	C8H12N2O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
37	2-Methoxy-3- propylpyrazine	C8H12N2O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
38	2-sec-Butyl-3-methoxypyrazine	C9H14N2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
39	2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine	C9H14N2O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
40	2-Butyl-3- methoxypyrazine	C9H14N2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
41	2-Isoamyl-3-methoxypyrazine	C9H14N2O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
	Fatty acids/Carboxylic acids
42	Acetic acid	CH3COOH	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
43	Benzoic acid	C7H6O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
44	Butyric acid	C4H8O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
45	Cinnamic acid	C9H8O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
46	Costic acid	C15H22O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
47	Decanoic acid	C10H20O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
48	Dodecanoic acid	C12H24O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
49	Ethyl oleate	C20H38O2	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
50	Hexanoic acid	C3H6O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
51	Hexadecanoic acid	C17H34O2	A. lappa	Roots/seeds	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987; Aboutabl et al., 2013
52	(E)-3-Hexenoic acid	C6H10O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
53	Heptanoic acid	C7H14O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
54	(E)-3-Heptenoic acid	C7H12O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986;, 1987
55	Linoleic acid	C18H32O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Wang et al., 2004
56	2, 3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid	C8H16O3	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
57	2-Methylpropionic acid	C4H8O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
58	2-Methylbutyric acid	C5H10O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
59	3-Methoxybenzoic acid	C8H8O3	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
60	Methyl palmitate	C17H34O2	A. lappa	Roots/seeds	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987; Aboutabl et al., 2013
61	Methyl linolenate	C19H32O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Wang et al., 2004
62	Methyl oleate	C19H36O2	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
63	Nonanoic acid	C9H18O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
64	Nonanedioic acid	C9H16O4	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986;, 1987
65	(E)-3-nonenoic acid	C9H16O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
66	Octanoic acid	C8H16O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
67	(E)-3-Octenoic acid	C8H14O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
68	Octadecanoic acid	C18H36O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
69	Octadecanoic acid methyl ester	C18H36O2	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
70	Pentanoic acid	C5H10O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
71	Phenylacetic acid	C8H8O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
72	Phenylpropionic acid	C9H10O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
73	Propionic acid	C3H6O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
74	Pentadecanoic acid	C15H30O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
75	Salicylic acid	C7H6O3	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
76	Tridecanoic acid	C13H26O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
77	Tetradecanoic acid	C14H28O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
78	Undecanoic acid	C11H22O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
	Terpenes/terpenoids
	Monoterpenoids
79	Carvomenthone	C10H18O	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
80	Geraniol	C10H18O	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
81	Linalool	C10H18O	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
82	Thymol	C10H14O	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
83	Z-citral	C10H16O	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
84	E-citral	C10H16O	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
	Sesquiterpenoids
85	Dehydrocostus lactone	C15H18O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
86	Dehydrodihydrocostus lactone	C15H29O2	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
	Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
87	Caryophyllene oxide	C15H24O	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
88	β-Costol	C15H24O	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
	Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons
89	Aromadendrene	C15H24	-	Roots/seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
90	Caryophyllene	C15H24	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
91	γ-Cadinene	C15H24	-	Roots/leaves/seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
92	Cyperene	C15H24	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
93	β-Elemene	C15H24	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987; Aboutabl et al., 2013
94	trans-β-Farnesene	C15H24	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
95	α-Guaiene	C15H24	A. lappa	Roots	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
96	Isoaromadendrene epoxide	C15H24O	–	Roots/leaves/seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
97	Limonene	C10H16	A. lappa	Leaves/seeds	GCMS	Washino et al., 1986, 1987
98	α-Myrcene	C10H16	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
99	α-Pinene	C10H16	A. lappa	Roots/leaves	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
100	Squalene	C30H50	A. lappa	Seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013
	Sesquiterpene Alcohol
101	β-Copaen-4α-ol	C15H24O	–	Roots/leaves/seeds	GCMS	Aboutabl et al., 2013