Table 3.
Item distribution of PTSD symptoms based on seven PTSD models.
| Symptoms | DSM5 model | Anhedonia and affect | Dysphoria | Dysphoric arousal | Externalizing behaviors | Anhedonia | Hybrid |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Repeated, disturbing, and unwanted memories of the stressful experience? | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN |
| 2. Repeated, disturbing dreams of the stressful experience? | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN |
| 3. Suddenly feeling or acting as if the stressful experience were actually happening again? | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN |
| 4. Feeling very upset when something reminded you of the stressful experience? | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN |
| 5. Having strong physical reactions when something reminded you of the stressful experience? | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN | IN |
| 6. Avoiding memories, thoughts, or feelings related to the stressful experience? | AV | AV | AV | AV | AV | AV | AV |
| 7. Avoiding external reminders of the stressful experience? | AV | AV | AV | AV | AV | AV | AV |
| 8. Trouble remembering important parts of the stressful experience? | NACM | NCBA | DY | NACM | NACM | NA | NA |
| 9. Having strong negative beliefs about yourself, other people, or the world? | NACM | NCBA | DY | NACM | NACM | NA | NA |
| 10. Blaming yourself or someone else for the stressful experience or what happened after it? | NACM | NCBA | DY | NACM | NACM | NA | NA |
| 11. Having strong negative feelings, such as fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame? | NACM | NCBA | DY | NACM | NACM | NA | NA |
| 12. Loss of interest in activities that you used to enjoy? | NACM | AN | DY | NACM | NACM | AN | AN |
| 13. Feeling distant or cut off from other people? | NACM | AN | DY | NACM | NACM | AN | AN |
| 14. Trouble experiencing positive feelings? | NACM | AN | DY | NACM | NACM | AN | AN |
| 15. Irritable behavior, angry outbursts, or acting aggressively? | AAR | NCBA | DY | DYA | EB | DYA | EB |
| 16. Taking too many risks or doing things that could cause you harm? | AAR | NCBA | AAR | DYA | EB | DYA | EB |
| 17. Being “super alert” or watchful or on guard? | AAR | NCBA | AAR | AA | AA | AA | AA |
| 18. Feeling jumpy or easily startled? | AAR | NCBA | AAR | AA | AA | AA | AA |
| 19. Having difficulty concentrating? | AAR | NCBA | DY | DYA | DYA | DYA | DYA |
| 20. Trouble falling or staying asleep? | AAR | NCBA | DY | DYA | DYA | DYA | DYA |
IN, intrusion symptoms; AV, avoidance; NACM, negative alterations in cognitions and mood; AAR, alterations in arousal and reactivity; AN, anhedonia; NCBA, negative changes in beliefs and affect; DY, dysphoria; DYA, dysphoric arousal; AA, anxious arousal; EB, externalizing behaviors; NA, negative affect.