Table 3.
Effects of the particulate matter (PM), persistent organic pollutants (POP), persistent polychlorinated biphenyls (PBC) and ozone (O3) in human skin.
| Skin damage/sign | Pollutants | Type of study | Skin damage/mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidative stress/inflammation | POP Dioxin (A) |
Yusho patients (1131 patients) vs. general population 2008 | ↑Prevalence and severity of the skin scars and comedones. Skin damage correlated POP blood levels vs general population |
(Mitoma et al., 2015b) |
| PBC | Germany workers contaminated by PBC | ↑IL-1β correlation with PCB levels | (Leijs et al., 2018) | |
| O3
0.8 ppm |
19 Caucasian volunteers | ↑ROS ↑LOOH Depletion of E vitamin |
(He et al., 2006) | |
| 15 Caucasian volunteers (forearm) | ↑IsoP ↑COX-2. ↑4-HNE ↑NF κB |
(Valacchi et al., 2017) | ||
| Skin pigmentation | PM10 | 400 Caucasian women SALIA cohort |
↑Spots on the face association traffic-related airborne particles |
(Vierkötter et al., 2010) |
| PM2.5 | G1 210 vs G2 190 Asiatic women G1 low levels PM2.5 G2 high levels PM2.5 |
↑Lentigines son cheeks and back in G2 vs G1 | (Peng et al., 2017) | |
| POP Dioxin (A) |
Yusho patients (1313 patients) | ↑Skin pigmentation more prevalent in Yusho patients vs general populations | (Mitoma et al., 2015b) | |
| Wrinkles | PM10 | 400 Caucasian women SALIA cohort |
↑Nasolabial folds association traffic-related airborne particles |
(Vierkötter et al., 2010) |
| O3
(B) |
BASE I cohort (SALIA cohort): 806 BASE-II cohort Berlin: 1207 |
↑Coarse wrinkles on the forehead | (Fuks et al., 2019) |
4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; COX, cyclooxygenase; IsoP, 8-iso-prostaglandin-F(2α); NF κB, nuclear factor kappa B; SALIA, study on the influence of air pollution on lung function, inflammation, and aging. (A). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. (B). 17 days of exceedance per year of O3 lower than allowed by the EU (25 days/3 years).