Table 4.

Synergistic effects of UVA and UVB radiation and benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) and particulate matter (PM) in the skin.

Skin effects	Pollutants	Type of study	Skin damage	Mechanism skin damage	References
Oxidative stress/inflammation	B[a]P +UVA	In vitro	↑DNA damage	↑Phosphorylation H2AX	(Toyooka and Ibuki, 2006)
	B[a]P +UVA	In vitro	↑ROS	↑Lipid peroxidation	(Xia et al., 2015)
	B[a]P +UVA1	In vitro	↑ROS	↑Mitochondrial superoxide ↑Mitochondrial membrane depolarization	(Soeur et al., 2017)
Pigmentation	PM+UVB	799 women SALIA cohort	Lentigines		(Hüls et al., 2018)

H2AX, histone H2AX; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SALIA, study on the influence of air pollution on lung function, inflammation, and aging.