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. 2019 Mar 30;7(2):19. doi: 10.3390/toxics7020019

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Representative TEM images depicting rat’s prefrontal cortex showing neuronal mitochondrial abnormalities after exposure to D-gal and AlCl₃ and those co-administered with donepezil and CA. (A) Control group: Normal mitochondrion (red arrow) with homogenous dense matrix, organized cristae (blue star), and double mitochondrial membrane. (B) Model group: Showed degenerated cristae (blue arrow) and ruptured mitochondrial membrane (yellow arrow). (C) Donepezil group: Showed normal and abnormal mitochondria. (D) CA 200 group: Showed elongated mitochondria (green arrow). (E,F) CA 400 and CA 800 groups, respectively: Showed normal mitochondria (red arrows) and well-organized cristae (blue star). Scale bar 0.5 µm.