Table 7.
Recovery of REEs using other carbon materials (Activated Carbon, Fullerene, C-Dots, Carbon Black, Mesoporous Carbon, Carbon nanofibers) and the respectively experimental conditions used as reported in the literature.
| Ref., Year |
Sorbent | Type of Water | Type of System | REEs (III) | [REEs]0 (µg/L) |
pH | T (°C) | Time of Contact (h) | m(sorbent)/ V(solution) (mg/L) |
qm (mg/g) or REEs Adsorption (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [101], 2012 |
AC (Activated Carbon) |
Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Eu | 10 × 103 NaClO4 = 0.01 mol/L |
4.5 | 25 | 48 | 2 × 102 | 20.0 mg/g |
| [98], 2017 |
AC-COOH | Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Sc | 300 × 103 | 2 | r.t. | 4 | 50 × 102 | 2.10 mg/g |
| AC-COOH | Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Sc | 300 × 103 | 4 | r.t. | 4 | 50 × 102 | 2.20 mg/g | |
| AC-COOH | Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Sc | (1–300) × 103 | 1–5.5 | r.t. | 0.02–4 | 50 × 102 | ||
| [115], 2016 |
F-CCB (Functionalized commercial carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y | 100 × 103 | neutral pH | 25 | 24 | 0.25 × 102 | La = 15%, Ce = 41%, Nd = 23%, Sm = 14%, Y = 17% |
| F-CCB (Functionalized commercial carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | (0.03, 0.05, 0.15) × 102 | La = 12%, 13%, 14% Ce = 36%, 36%, 35% Nd = 10%, 12%, 16% Sm = 10%, 10%, 13% Y = 12%, 13%, 13% |
||||||
| RTCB (Recycled tire carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | 0.25 × 102 | La = 28%, Ce = 68%, Nd = 34%, Sm = 41%, Y = 28% | ||||||
| RTCB (Recycled tire carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La, Ce Nd, Sm, Y |
100 × 103 | neutral pH | 25 | 24 | (0.03, 0.05, 0.15) × 102 | La = 3.5%, 6.0%, 18% Ce = 11%, 15%, 42% Nd = 5.0%, 7.5%, 22% Sm = 5.5%, 9.0%, 26% Y = 3.5%, 6.0%, 18% |
|
| F-AC (Functionalized activated carbon) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La, Ce Nd, Sm Y |
100 × 103 | neutral pH | 25 | 24 | 0.25 × 102 (0.03, 0.05, 0.15) × 102 |
La = 7.5%, Ce = 12%, Nd = 31%, Sm = 7.5%, Y = 12.5% La = 1.5%, 2.5%, 6.5% Ce = 2.5%, 8.0%, 11% Nd = 9.0%, 17%, 24% Sm = 0%, 7.5%, 5% Y = 6.0%, 9.0%, 11% |
|
| CCB (commercial carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La, Ce Nd, Sm Y |
100 × 103 | neutral pH | 25 | 24 | (0.15, 0.25) × 102 | La = 2.5%, 2.5% Ce = 1.0%, 1.0% Nd = 5.0%, 8.0% Sm = 1.0%, 2.5% Y = 2.5%, 3.0% |
|
| CCB (commercial carbon black) |
(0.03, 0.05) × 102 | La= 2.5%, Ce = 1.0%, Nd = 5.0%, Sm = 1.0%, Y = 2.5% | ||||||||
| AC | (0.15, 0.25) × 102 | La =1.0%, Ce =1.0%, Nd = 12.5%, Sm = 0%, Y = 0% | ||||||||
| [116], 2016 |
AC | Milli-Q | Multi elemental | La Ce Nd Sm Y |
100 × 103 | neutral pH | 25 | 24 | (0.03, 0.05) × 102 | La = 1.0%, 1.5% Ce = 1.0%, 1.0% Nd = 7.5%, 8.0% Sm = 0%, 1.0% Y = 1.5%, 1.0% |
| RTCB (Recycled tire carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La Ce Nd Sm Y |
20 × 103 | neutral pH | 80 | 1 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 40%, Ce = 95%, Nd = 75%, Sm = 80%, Y = 63% | |
| 2 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 45%, Ce = 95%, Nd = 80%, Sm = 82%, Y = 72% | ||||||||
| 12 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 75%, Ce = 95%, Nd = 91%, Sm = 95%, Y = 90% | ||||||||
| 25 | 1 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 25%, Ce = 85%, Nd = 68%, Sm = 60%, Y = 48% | |||||||
| 2 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 45%, Ce = 90%, Nd = 70%, Sm = 73%, Y = 60% | ||||||||
| [116], 2016 |
RTCB (Recycled tire carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La, Ce Nd, Sm Y |
20 × 103 | neutral pH | 25 | 12 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 60%, Ce = 95% Nd = 83%, Sm = 88%, Y = 77% |
| 100 × 103 | 40 | 24 | 0.05 × 102 | La = 5.5%, Ce = 23%, Nd = 9.0%, Sm = 9.0%, Y = 9.0% | ||||||
| 100 × 103 | 60 | 24 | 0.05 × 102 | La = 7.5%, Ce = 25% Nd = 16%, Sm = 16%, Y = 16% |
||||||
| 100 × 103 | 80 | 24 | 0.05 × 102 | La = 13%, Ce = 30% Nd = 20%, Sm = 20%, Y = 21% |
||||||
| 100 × 103 | 40 | 24 | 0.25 × 102 | La = 29%, Ce = 75% Nd = 40%, Sm = 40%, Y = 40% |
||||||
| 100 × 103 | 60 | 24 | 0.25 × 102 | La = 323%, Ce = 81%, Nd = 50%, Sm = 55%, Y = 50%, | ||||||
| 100 × 103 | 80 | 24 | 0.25 × 102 | La= 48%, Ce = 84% Nd = 58%, Sm = 60%, Y = 60% |
||||||
| 100 × 103 | 40 | 24 | 0.5 × 102 | La= 45%, Ce = 85% Nd = 65%, Sm = 68%, Y = 60% |
||||||
| 100 × 103 | 40 | 24 | 0.5 × 102 | La= 45%, Ce = 85% Nd = 65%, Sm = 68%, Y = 60% |
||||||
| 100 × 103 | 40 | 24 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 45%, Ce = 85% Nd = 65%, Sm = 68%, Y = 60% |
||||||
| [116] 2016 |
RTCB (Recycled tire carbon black) |
Ultrapure | Multi elemental | La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y | 100 × 103 | neutral pH | 60 | 24 | 0.5 × 102 | La = 52%, Ce = 90% Nd = 70%, Sm = 72%, Y = 70% |
| 80 | La = 69%, Ce = 90% Nd = 75%, Sm = 75%, Y = 75% |
|||||||||
| F-CCB, RTCB, F-AC, AC |
Ultrapure (Shaker: 200 rpm) |
Multi elemental | La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y | (100–200) × 103 | neutral pH | 25, 40, 60, 80 | 1–24 | (0.25–0.5) × 102 | ||
| [119], 2007 |
H-APC AC (HPO4-APC activated carbon) |
Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Eu | 50 × 103 | 5 | 20 | 2 | 2.5 × 102 5 × 102 7.5 × 102 10 × 102 12.5 × 102 15 × 102 17.5 × 102 |
45% 60% 60% 72% 80% 90% 93% |
| H-APC AC | Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Eu | 50 × 103 | 2 5 6 7 |
20 | 2 | 10 × 102 | 20.0 mg/g 32.0 mg/g 47.0 mg/g 50.0 mg/g |
|
| H-APC AC | Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Eu | 50 × 103 | 5 | 20 | 1 2 |
10 × 102 | 29.0 mg/g 29.0 mg/g |
|
| H-APC AC | Ultrapure | Mono elemental | Eu | 50 × 103 | 5 | 20 40 60 |
2 | 10 × 102 | 28.9 mg/g 29.0 mg/g 29.9 mg/g |
|
| H-APC AC | Laboratory wastewaters | Mono elemental | Eu | - | 5 | 20 | 0.7 | 5 × 102 10 × 102 15 × 102 20 × 102 25 × 102 |
98% 98% 99% 99% 99% |
|
| [120], 2017 |
AC-DETADHBA | Distilled | Multi elemental | La | 5 × 103 | 6 5 4 |
25 | 1 | 25 mg* | 99. 6%, 145 mg/g 85% 40% |
| AC-DETADHBA | Distilled | Multi elemental | La | 5 × 103 | 6 | 25 | 0.17 0.5 1 |
25 mg* | 121 mg/g 135 mg/g 145 mg/g |
|
| AC-COOH | Distilled | Multi elemental | La | 5 × 103 | 6 | 25 | 1 | 25 mg* | 89.5 mg/g | |
| [121], 2017 |
AC-DETADHBA | Distilled | Multi elemental | La | (10–400) ×103 |
1–7 | 25 | 0.002,0.0083, 0.33, 0.67, 0.83 | 25 mg* | |
| [121], 2017 |
AC-DETADHBA | Tap water | Mono elemental | La | 5 × 103 10 × 103 50 × 103 |
6 | 25 | 1 | 25 mg* | 99% 100% 96% |
| Lake water | 100% 100% 93% |
|||||||||
| Seawater | 99% 100% 93% |
|||||||||
| [121], 2017 |
Phosphorous functionalized nanoporous carbon | Ultrapure | Multi elemental | Nd Dy |
0.5 × 103 | 6.1 6.6 |
25 | 4 | 10 × 102 | Nd = 336 mg/g Dy = 344 mg/g |
| 3 0.033 |
Nd = 68,0% Dy = 67.0% |
|||||||||
| [122], 2017 |
CMK-8 | Milli-Q | Multi elemental | Sm | 0.02 × 103 | 2.6 | r.t. | 0.5 2.5 |
10 × 102 | 1 mg/g 1.5 mg/g |
| CMK-8-O (CMK-8-Oxidezed) |
Milli-Q | Multi elemental | Sm | 0.07 × 103 | 2.6 | r.t. | 0.5 1 2.5 |
10 × 102 | 14 mg/g 13.8 mg/g 13 mg/g |
|
| CMK-8-DGO (DGO: Diglycolyl-type organic) |
Milli-Q | Multi elemental | La | 0.0003 × 103 | 2.6 3.8 5.7 |
r.t. | 4 | 10 × 102 | 23 mg/g 27 mg/g 22 mg/g |
|
| CMK-8 | Milli-Q | Multi elemental | Sm | (0.0025–0.025) × 103 | 2.6 | r.t. | 4 | 10 × 102 | 8 mg/g | |
| CMK-8-O (CMK-8-Oxidezed) |
Milli-Q | Multi elemental | Sm | (0.05–0.2) × 103 | 2.6 | r.t. | 4 | 10 × 102 | 23 mg/g | |
| CMK-8-DGO (DGO: Diglycolyl-type organic) |
Milli-Q | Multi elemental | La | (0.01–0.1) × 103 | 2.6 | r.t. | 4 | 10 × 102 | 10 mg/g |
* There is not any mention of the volume of REEs solution used. - The optimal experimental conditions are represented by shading and the other conditions tested and described in the papers are represented on a white background (without shading).