Table 1.
Association of TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad4 expression with clinicopathologic features of bladder cancer.
| TGF-β1 | Smad2 | Smad4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | High | p value | High | p value | High | p value | |
| Total (n (%)) | 404 (100) | 275 (68.1) | 128 (31.7) | 181 (45.2) | |||
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 92 (22.8) | 70 (25.5) | 0.038 | 27 (21.1) | 0.340 | 45 (24.9) | 0.246 |
| Male | 312 (77.2) | 205 (74.5) | 101 (78.9) | 136 (75.1) | |||
| Tumor grade | |||||||
| Low | 148 (36.6) | 81 (29.5) | <0.001 | 60 (46.9) | 0.003 | 75 (41.4) | 0.048 |
| High | 256 (63.4) | 194 (70.5) | 68 (53.1) | 106 (58.6) | |||
| Pathologic stage | |||||||
| pTa | 97 (24.0) | 44 (16.0) | <0.001 | 43 (33.6) | <0.001 | 51 (28.2) | 0.003 |
| pT1 | 195 (48.3) | 144 (52.4) | 71 (55.5) | 95 (52.5) | |||
| pT2 | 112 (27.7) | 87 (31.6) | 14 (10.9) | 35 (19.3) | |||
| Carcinoma in situ | |||||||
| Yes | 33 (8.2) | 25 (9.1) | 0.216 | 11 (8.6) | 0.485 | 11 (6.1) | 0.104 |
| No | 371 (91.8) | 250 (90.9) | 117 (91.4) | 170 (93.9) | |||
| Variant differentiation | |||||||
| Negative | 338 (83.7) | 228 (82.9) | 0.328 | 115 (89.8) | 0.014 | 155 (85.6) | 0.214 |
| Positive | 66 (16.3) | 47 (17.1) | 13 (10.2) | 26 (14. 4) | |||
| Recurrence | |||||||
| Yes | 150 (37.1) | 103 (37.5) | 0.467 | 49 (38.3) | 0.413 | 74 (40.9) | 0.103 |
| No | 254 (62.9) | 172 (62.5) | 79 (61.7) | 107 (59.1) | |||
| Cancer-specific death | |||||||
| Yes | 138 (34.2) | 102 (37.1) | 0.043 | 31 (24.2) | 0.003 | 52 (28.7) | 0.022 |
| Other cause | 53 (13.1) | 34 (12.4) | 17 (13.3) | 24 (13.3) | |||
| Alive | 213 (52.7) | 139 (50.5) | 80 (62.5) | 105 (58.0) | |||
| Treatment | |||||||
| TURBT ± mitomycin * | 67 (16.6) | 41 (14.9) | 24 (18.8) | 31 (17.1) | 0.069 | ||
| Intravesical BCG | 186 (46.0) | 119 (43.3) | 71 (55.4) | 0.007 b | 89 (49.2) | ||
| Cystectomy | 72 (17.8) | 53 (19.3) | 13 (10.2) | 0.004 c | 26 (14.4) | ||
| Chemo/radiotherapy | 79 (19.6) | 62 (22.5) | 0.017 a | 20 (15.6) | 35 (19.3) |
The χ2 test with Yates’ correction was performed; the value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant; * transurethral resection with or without intravesical instillation of a single dose of mitomycin; a Chemo/radiotherapy vs other therapy modalities; b BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine) intravesical vs other therapy modalities; c Radical cystectomy vs other therapy modalities.