Table 2.
Summary of key studies using centrifugal microfluidics to identify bacteria.
| Target Bacteria | Sensitivity | Time (cycles) | Detection Technology | Heating Technology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus | Below 10 copies of DNA per well | 110 min (50 cycles) | FAM-labeled hydrolysis probes; real-time fluorescence detection | Air mediated in commercially available PCR thermocycler | [78] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Less than 7 copies per sample | 17 min (10 cycles) primary PCR; 52 min (50 cycles) main PCR | FAM-labeled hydrolysis probes; real-time fluorescence detection | Air mediated in commercially available PCR thermocycler | [79] |
| Salmonella enterica | Amplification of one gene from single cell | 8.33–20.83 min (20–50 cycles) | FAM-labeled hydrolysis probes; post-PCR fluorescence detection | Contact | [69] |
| Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus | Not mentioned | 53 min (35 cycles) | Off-chip (analysis of PCR products by gel electrophoresis) | Contact; with thermoelectric modules | [70] |
| Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, EHEC, S. aureus, Citrobacter freundii, and Campylobacter jejuni | 0.1 pg DNA per well for Salmonella and Listeria | Around 2 h (50 cycles) | FAM-labeled hydrolysis probes; real-time fluorescence detection |
Air mediated in commercially available PCR thermocycler | [71] |
| Escherichia coli | Not mentioned | Around 54 min (30 cycles) | Agarose gel pre-stained with ethidium bromide | Convection of hot air and ambient air in commercially available PCR thermocycler | [72] |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Fluorescence sensitivity down to 100 CE with tmRNA | 70 min (Isothermal) | FAM-labeled beacon probes; fluorescence detection | Non-contact infrared (IR) heating | [66] |
| 24 Pneumonia-related pathogens | As few as 10 copies | 45 min (Isothermal) | Real-time fluorescence detection | Contact | [73] |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 102 colony-forming unit per millilitre | 15 min (Isothermal) | Real-time fluorescence detection | Contact (printed circuit board heater) | [67] |
| E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 380 copies | 60 min (Isothermal) | Colorimetric detection using eriochrome black T; naked eye | Contact | [80] |
| E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and V. parahaemolyticus | 500 copies | 60 min (Isothermal) | Colorimetric detection using eriochrome black T; naked eye | Contact | [81] |
| E. coli, Salmonella spp, and Vibrio cholerae | 3 × 10−5 ng·μL−1 | 60 min (Isothermal) | Calcein colorimetric method; smart phone | Contact | [65] |