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Advantages and weaknesses of selected pretreatment processes.
| Pretreatment | Yield of FS * | Chemical Recycling | Wastes | Investment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical | Mechanical | - | ++ | ++ | + |
| Physico-chemical | Steam explosion | + | ++ | + | - |
| Ammonia fiber explosion | +/- | -- | + | - | |
| Carbonic Acid | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | |
| Chemical | Dilute acid | ++ | -- | - | +/- |
| Concentrated acid | ++ | -- | - | - | |
| Alkaline extraction | ++/+ | -- | - | ++ | |
| Wet oxidation | +/- | ++ | + | + | |
| Organosolv | ++ | -- | + | -- | |
* FS: Fermentable sugars; ** ++: very good; +: good; -: bad; --: very bad.
