Table 3.

Suitable residence time for different biomasses.

Raw Material	Gas Flow Rate/Time	Yield of Bio-Oil	Ref
Safflower seed	100 cm, 3/min	67 wt. %	[104]
Palm kernel shell	1 L/min	50 wt. %	[7]
	1.5 L/min	53 wt. %
	2 L/min	57 wt. %
Sewage sludge	300 mL/min	45.3 wt. %	[6]
Rice husk	3 L/min	45 wt. %	[102]
	4 L/min	47.5 wt. %
	5 L/min	49 wt. %
Cassava stalk	0.1 L/min	48 wt. %	[105]
	0.5 L/min	51 wt. %
	1.5 L/min	53 wt. %
	3 L/min	52 wt. %
Sugarcane bagasse	5 s (8 L/min)	56+1.3 wt. %	[106]
	10 s (4 L/min)	52+2.5 wt. %
	20 s (2 L/min)	47.5+28 wt. %
Jatropha cake	1.25 m, 3/h	37.78 wt. %	[107]
	1.75 m, 3/h	64.25 wt. %
	2.4 m, 3/h	30.5 wt. %
Babool seeds	100 cm, 3/min	44 wt. %	[86]
	400 cm, 3/min	30 wt. %
Rice husk	0.255 m/s	19.5 wt. %	[108]
	0.340 m/s	20.5 wt. %
	0.425 m/s	17.9 wt. %
Euphorbia rigida	400 cm, 3/min	31.5 wt. %	[109]
Sunflower pressed bagasse	200 cm, 3/min	45.7 wt. %
Hazelnut shells	100 cm, 3/min	23.1 wt. %