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Physical characteristics of liquefaction-derived bio-oil and heavy petroleum fuel oil.
| Properties | Bio-Oil | Heavy Petroleum Fuel Oil |
|---|---|---|
| pH | 3.8–4.0 | - |
| Acid value (mgKOH/g) | 1.8 | - |
| Density (g/cm3) | 1150–1200 at 40 °C | 940 |
| Viscosity (cP) | 650 at 40 °C | 180 at 40 °C |
| HHV (MJ/kg) | 28.42 | 40 |
| C (wt. %) | 66 | 85 |
| H (wt. %) | 11 | 11 |
| O (wt. %) | 12 | 1.0 |
| N (wt. %) | 9 | 0.3 |
| S (wt. %) | 1 | - |
| Water content (wt. %) | 13–12 | 0.1 |
| Ash content (wt. %) | 0.4–0.7 | 0.1 |
