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pNML basics. (A) The magnetization direction encodes logic ‘0’ and ‘1’. (B) The Artificial Nucleation Center (ANC) guarantees correct signal propagation in a perpendicular Nano Magnetic Logic (pNML) chain of magnets. (C) Domain wall propagation inside the nanomagnet causes the switch of the magnetization direction. (D) Global out-of-plane magnetic field used as clocking mechanism. (E) Inverter. (F) Notch. (G) Minority voter. (H) 3D minority voter.
