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. 2019 Jun 24;10(6):423. doi: 10.3390/mi10060423

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Devices with 3D electrodes. (A) Photograph of the device combined with piezoelectric ceramic transducer slides made of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) slides and metal electrodes. (B) Principle of the device. The PZT slides were used to focus the particles, and the particles were separated in the following NUEF area. Reproduced with permission from [80], © 2016 American Institute of Physics (AIP) Publishing. (C) Schematic and simulation of the device with a carbon electrode array. Reproduced with permission from [81], © 2013 John Wiley and Sons.