Table 2.
Molecular adjuvants tested with DNA vaccines in humans.
| Adjuvants | Antigens | Delivery | Responses | Trial Phase | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-12, IL-15 | HIV-1 (Gag) | DC, IM | +/−Ab, +/−CMI | I | [61] |
| GM-CSF, IL-2 | Her2 | RP, IM | +Ab, +CMI | I | [62] |
| GM-CSF | CEA | RP, ID | +Ab, +CMI | I | [63] |
| IL-2/Ig | HIV-1 Gag/Pol/Nef/Env | BC, IM | +Ab, +CMI | I | [64] |
| IL-12 | HIV (MAG-Gag, Pol, Env, Nef, Tat, Vif) | DC, IM/EP | −Ab, +CMI | I | [65,66] |
| IL-12 | HIV-1 (Env, Gag, Pol) | DC, IM/EP | +CMI | I | [67] |
| GM-CSF | PAP | RPID | −Ab, +CMI | I/IIa | [68] |
| HSP70 | HPV16 (E7) | FC, IM | −Ab, +/−CMI | I | [69] |
Adjuvants: IL: Interleukin, GM-CSF: Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Antigens: HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, Gag: Group antigens, Her2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, CEA: Human carcinoembryonic antigen, MAG: Multi antigen, Env: Envelope, Pol: Reverse transcriptase, Nef: N-terminally myristoylated protein, Tat: Transactivator of transcription, Vif: viral infectivity factor, PAP: Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, HSP: Heat shock protein, HPV: Human Papilloma Virus; Delivery: DC: Different constructs, BC: Bicistronic construct, FC: Fusion protein/single construct, RP: Adjuvant as recombinant protein, IM: Intramuscular, ID: Intradermal; Responses: +: Increase, −: Decrease, +/−: No significant change, Ab: Humoral responses, CMI: T cell responses; Ref.: References.