Table 1.

Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using different detection methods.

Country	Sample Size	Prevalence (%)	Diagnostic Assay Used	Year	Reference
Turkey	101,648	4	Elecysys HBsAg II ELISA (Roche Diagnostics, Germany)	2018	[6]
	1404	6.6	micro-ELISA method	2003	[7]
	12,010	3.8	ELISA	2013	[8]
	30,716	2.2	-	2011	[9]
	10,391	8.1	ELISA E170 (Roche, Germany)	2010	[10]
Iran	6583	2.6	Enzygnost HBsAg 5.0 kit (Dade Behring, Germany)	2009	[11]
	708	0.28	Radim kit (KHB31WB) through immunoenzymometric assay	2010	[12]
	284	0.35	ELISA using the EIAgen HBsAg Kit	2011	[13]
	124,704	0.24	ELISA	2014	[14]
	20,591	0.23	The DIASORIN (Italy) kits	2012	[15]
	2,026,628	0.38	Third generation ELISA kits	2014	[16]
Pakistan	7000	2.5	ELISA Abbott Determine (TM)	2010	[17]
	11,900	9.8	Immunochromatography technique-based kit commercially (Determine-Abbott USA).	2011	[18]
	127,828	2.68	BEST 2000 ELISA (Biokit, Spain)	2012	[19]
	2155	1.34	-	2013	[20]
	160,376	2.35	Fourth generation ELISA kits (Bio-kit)	2014	[21]
Afghanistan	330	3.6	Fast cassette kits	2014	[22]
Palestine	146	8.2	ELISA	2014	[23]
	17,060	3.8	Abbot EIA	2002	[24]
	399	2.8	ELISA	2004	[25]
Jordan	62,933	0.52	Murex HBsAg Version 3 ELISA kit (DiaSorin S.p.A., Dartford, UK) or BioRad Monalisa HBsAg sandwich ELISA kit (Bio-Rad, Marnesla Coquette, France).	2016	[26]
Lebanon	16,084	0.92	Hepanostika HBsAg Uni-Form II, a sandwich ELISA (Biomerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France)	2006	[27]
Yemen	521	16.9	Monolisa enzyme immune assays (BIO-RAD, France)	2012	[28]
	3000	2.1	ELISA	2014	[29]
	400	10.8	Fourth generation ELISA	2013	[30]
Iraq	9610	1.6	ELISA	2013	[31]
	23,336	0.73	ELISA	2010	[32]
	495,648	0.66	ELISA	2011	[33]
Qatar	78,428	0.9	-	2007	[34]
	495	1.0	ELISA (Axsym, Abbott Laboratories)	2006	[35]
Oman	604	7.1
UAE	595	1.5
Saudi Arabia	10,234	5.9	Fourth generation ELISA	2017	[36]
	8501	0.7	chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays (ARCHITECT® HBsAg, ARCHITECT®)	2016	[37]
	2807	0.8	ELISA (BioRad, Marnes–la-Coquette, France)	2016	[38]
	29,949	3.8	ELISA (Siemens-BEPIII, Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany)	2013	[39]
	3192	3	EIA (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA)	2008	[40]
	2330	11.8	PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis	2004	[41]
Bahrain	7714	3.7	EIA/ELISA, and reconfirmed by PCR	2004	[41]
Kuwait	12,798	1.92	-Chemiluminescent immunoassays -Neutralization confirmatory assay (Auszyme monoclonal, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL)	2005	[42]
Egypt	12,000	1.98	ELISA	2013	[43]
	308,762	1.22	Enzygnost HBsAg 6.0	2014	[44]
Sudan	5965	9.76	-	2015	[45]
	178	21.3	ELISA	2016	[46]
	404	11	Enzygnost HBsAg; 5.0 EIA	2011
Morocco	23,578	1.81	Murex HBsAg Version 3	2013	[47]
Libya	65,761	2.2	Third generation microparticle EIA (Axsym)	2013	[48]
	1500	1.5	ELISA	2010	[49]