Table 1.
LncRNA Name | Stimuli | Cell Type | Function | Mechanism | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H19 | N/A | Mouse hematopoietic stem cells | Maintains HSC quiescence | Regulates the Igf2-Igfr1 pathway via the translocation of FOX3 to the cytoplasm | [69] |
LncHSC-1/2 | N/A | Mouse hematopoietic stem cells | LncHSC-1 regulates myeloid differentiation and LncHSC-2 cell self-renewal and differentiation | LncHSC-2 recruits the hematopoietic TF E2A to its binding sites | [70] |
PACER | PMA and LPS | Human monocytes (U937) | Promotes COX2 expression | Binds to the repressive p50 NF-κΒ subunit of COX2 promoter to enable p300 HAT recruitment in order to increase histone acetylation and initiate the assembly of RNAP-II complexes | [61] |
Morrbid | N/A | Human and mouse monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils | Controls the lifespan of monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils | Regulates Bcl2l11 (Bim) transcription by promoting PCR2 enrichment at its promoter and deposition of H3K27me3 | [64] |
THRIL | PMA Pam3CSK4 | Human monocytes (THP-1) | Regulates the expression of the innate-associated mediators TNF-α, CCL1, IL-8, CSF1 and CXC10 | Forms a functional lncRNA-hnRNPL complex in order to regulate TNF-α transcription by binding to its promoter | [84] |
LincRNA-COX2 | Pam3CSK4 | Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages | Regulates the expression of several immune genes | Interacts with the nuclear proteins hnRNP-A/B and hnRNP-A2/B1 | [6,78,79,80,81,99] |
LPS | Regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome sensor and ASC adaptor as well as autophagy | Binds to p65 NF-κΒ subunit to promote its transcription. It was also found to regulate TRIF-mediated autophagy via caspase-1 activation | |||
Multiple | LincRNA-Cox2 deficient mice and macrophages | Regulates the expression of several immune genes | Functions as an eRNA to regulate the activity of the COX2 gene but also demonstrates in trans-regulation of immune-associated genes in vivo | ||
LPS | Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and primary peritoneal) | Regulates the expression of NF-κΒ-regulated inflammatory genes | Interacts with the SWI/SNF complex to regulate the assembly of NF-κΒ subunits and chromatin remodelling | ||
TLR4 ligand | Mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells | N/A | Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression | ||
TNF-α | Murine intestinal epithelial cells (IEC4.1 cell line) | Regulates the expression of the Il12b gene | Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression and promotes the recruitment of the Mi-2/NuRD complex to the Il12b promoter | ||
AS-IL1α | TLR ligands and Listeria monocytogenes | Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages | Regulates IL-1α transcription | Facilitates RNAP-II recruitment to the IL-1α locus and demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression | [77] |
IL1β-eRNA IL1β-RBT46 |
LPS | Human monocytes (THP-1 and primary) | Regulate the expression of IL-1β and CXCL8 | Demonstrate NF-κΒ-dependent expression | [85] |
Lnc-IL7R | LPS | Human monocytes (THP-1) | Regulates the expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, E-selectin and VCAM-1 | Regulates deposition of H3K27me3 at the promoters of the E-selectin and VCAM-1 genes | [72] |
Ptprj-as1 | LPS Pam3Cys |
Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and RAW 264.7 | N/A | N/A | [74] |
IL7AS | LPS | Human monocytes (THP-1), mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) |
Regulates IL-6 expression and release | Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression | [59,60] |
IL-1β | Human epithelial cells (A549 cell line) Human lung fibroblasts (primary) |
||||
Linc-EPS | Multiple | Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages | Represses the inflammatory response by inhibiting IRGs expression | Interacts with hnRNPL via a CANACA motif in its 3′ region and regulates nucleosome positioning at IRG promoters | [86] |
LincRNA-Tnfaip3 | LPS | Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages) | Regulates the expression of several NF-κΒ mediated inflammatory genes | Directly interacts with Hmgb1 and NF-κΒ to form a functional complex to regulate Hmgb1-mediated histone modifications | [87] |
Lnc-13 | LPS | Human monocytes (primary and U937, THP-1) and mouse bone marrow derived macrophages | Suppresses the expression of several immune-associated genes | Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression and interacts with Hdac1 on chromatin and hnRNPD to regulate gene expression | [76] |
NRIR | LPS | Human monocytes (primary) | Regulates the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes and protein release of CXCL10 and CCL8 | Demonstrates type I IFN-dependent expression | [73] |
NTT | N/A | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) Human monocytes (THP-1) |
Regulates cell cycle G1 arrest and differentiation as well as expression of IL-10 and CXCL10 | Interacts with the TF C/EBPβ and the promoter of its neighbouring gene PBOV1 via hnRNP-U | [88] |
Mirt2 | LPS | Peritoneal macrophages (C57BL/6 mice) HEK293T and RAW264.7 cells |
Regulates macrophage polarisation and aberrant inflammatory activity | Inhibits TRAF6 Lys63-mediated ubiquitination and the activation of the MAPK and NF-κΒ pathways | [75] |
Lnc-Lsm3b | Viral RNA molecules | Mouse macrophages (peritoneal, RAW 264.7), L929 and HEK293T cell lines | Inactivates late RIG-1 innate activity and type I IFNs production | Acts as a decoy by saturating RIG-1 binding sites to inhibit inflammation and to prevent tissue host damage | [63] |
MALAT1 | PMA, LPS | Human monocytes (THP-1), mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) | Regulates the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and TNF-α | Interacts with NF-κΒ p50/p65 subunits to inhibit NF-κΒ DNA binding activity | [82,83,93] |
PMA, LPS, IL-4 | Mouse macrophages (BMDM), human monocytes (PBMCs, THP-1) | Regulates LPS-mediated M1 macrophage activation and IL-4-mediated M2 differentiation and pro-fibrotic phenotype | Demonstrates Clec16a-dependent expression and regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carriers |
||
LPS | Mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells | Induces increased tolerogenic activity of DCs | Enhances DC-SIGN expression, IL-10 production and acts as an miR-155 sponge | ||
FIRRE | LPS | Human macrophages (U937) Human intestinal epithelial cells (SW480) Mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) |
Regulates expression of several inflammatory genes | Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression and interacts with hnRNPU to regulate mRNA stability by targeting their AREs |
[89] |
LincRNA-AK170409 LincRNA-Cox2 |
TLR ligands | Immortalized murine bone marrow–derived macrophages (iBMDM) | Both regulate NF-κΒ-dependent signalling | Both lncRNAs demonstrate NF-κΒ-dependent activity - LincRNA-COX2 promotes IκΒα degradation |
[65] |
Lnc-DC | N/A | Human conventional dendritic cells | Regulates DC differentiation | Binds directly to STAT3 to prevent dephosphorylation of Y705 by SHP1 | [94] |
Lethe | TNF-α, IL-1β, dexamethasone | MEF lines (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) | Regulates the expression of several NF-κΒ mediated inflammatory genes | Interacts with the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-κΒ to inhibit DNA binding and gene activation | [96,97] |
Glucose | Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and bone marrow derived macrophages) | Regulates ROS production and NOX2 gene expression | Interacts with the NF-κΒ p65 subunit to control its translocation to the nucleus | ||
MIR3142HG | IL-1β | Human lung fibroblasts (primary) | Regulates CCL2 and IL-8 mRNA and protein release | Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression | [60] |
NEAT1 | Influenza, HSV-1, poly I:C | Human epithelial cells (A549 cell line) and HeLa cells | Regulates expression of IL-8 | Interacts and relocates SFPQ from the IL8 promoter to the paraspeckles | [100,101] |
Multiple | HUVEC cells (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells), HEK293 cells, HeLa and 293 T cells | Regulates the DNA-mediated innate immune response | Interacts with HEXIM1 to form the HDP-RNP complex which is required for the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway | ||
LncITPRIP-1 | Viral infections | Huh7, Huh7.5, Huh7.5.1-MAVS, FL-neo, and HEK293T cells | Promotes the activation of the innate immune response | Binds to the C-terminus of MDA5 and promotes its oligomerisation to enhance IFN signalling and production | [103] |
NEAT1v2 eRNA07573 | Salmonella infection | HeLa cells | Regulate expression of immune-associated genes and response to antibacterial defence | Inhibit levels of the exosome/NEXT components and demonstrate elevated transcript stability | [102] |