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. 2019 Apr 19;5(2):34. doi: 10.3390/ncrna5020034

Table 1.

LncRNAs associated with the innate immune response.

LncRNA Name Stimuli Cell Type Function Mechanism Refs
H19 N/A Mouse hematopoietic stem cells Maintains HSC quiescence Regulates the Igf2-Igfr1 pathway via the translocation of FOX3 to the cytoplasm [69]
LncHSC-1/2 N/A Mouse hematopoietic stem cells LncHSC-1 regulates myeloid differentiation and LncHSC-2 cell self-renewal and differentiation LncHSC-2 recruits the hematopoietic TF E2A to its binding sites [70]
PACER PMA and LPS Human monocytes (U937) Promotes COX2 expression Binds to the repressive p50 NF-κΒ subunit of COX2 promoter to enable p300 HAT recruitment in order to increase histone acetylation and initiate the assembly of RNAP-II complexes [61]
Morrbid N/A Human and mouse monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils Controls the lifespan of monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils Regulates Bcl2l11 (Bim) transcription by promoting PCR2 enrichment at its promoter and deposition of H3K27me3 [64]
THRIL PMA Pam3CSK4 Human monocytes (THP-1) Regulates the expression of the innate-associated mediators TNF-α, CCL1, IL-8, CSF1 and CXC10 Forms a functional lncRNA-hnRNPL complex in order to regulate TNF-α transcription by binding to its promoter [84]
LincRNA-COX2 Pam3CSK4 Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages Regulates the expression of several immune genes Interacts with the nuclear proteins hnRNP-A/B and hnRNP-A2/B1 [6,78,79,80,81,99]
LPS Regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome sensor and ASC adaptor as well as autophagy Binds to p65 NF-κΒ subunit to promote its transcription. It was also found to regulate TRIF-mediated autophagy via caspase-1 activation
Multiple LincRNA-Cox2 deficient mice and macrophages Regulates the expression of several immune genes Functions as an eRNA to regulate the activity of the COX2 gene but also demonstrates in trans-regulation of immune-associated genes in vivo
LPS Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and primary peritoneal) Regulates the expression of NF-κΒ-regulated inflammatory genes Interacts with the SWI/SNF complex to regulate the assembly of NF-κΒ subunits and chromatin remodelling
TLR4 ligand Mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells N/A Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression
TNF-α Murine intestinal epithelial cells (IEC4.1 cell line) Regulates the expression of the Il12b gene Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression and promotes the recruitment of the Mi-2/NuRD complex to the Il12b promoter
AS-IL1α TLR ligands and Listeria monocytogenes Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages Regulates IL-1α transcription Facilitates RNAP-II recruitment to the IL-1α locus and demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression [77]
IL1β-eRNA
IL1β-RBT46
LPS Human monocytes (THP-1 and primary) Regulate the expression of IL-1β and CXCL8 Demonstrate NF-κΒ-dependent expression [85]
Lnc-IL7R LPS Human monocytes (THP-1) Regulates the expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, E-selectin and VCAM-1 Regulates deposition of H3K27me3 at the promoters of the E-selectin and VCAM-1 genes [72]
Ptprj-as1 LPS
Pam3Cys
Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and RAW 264.7 N/A N/A [74]
IL7AS LPS Human monocytes (THP-1), mouse macrophages
(RAW 264.7)
Regulates IL-6 expression and release Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression [59,60]
IL-1β Human epithelial cells (A549 cell line)
Human lung fibroblasts (primary)
Linc-EPS Multiple Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages Represses the inflammatory response by inhibiting IRGs expression Interacts with hnRNPL via a CANACA motif in its 3′ region and regulates nucleosome positioning at IRG promoters [86]
LincRNA-Tnfaip3 LPS Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages) Regulates the expression of several NF-κΒ mediated inflammatory genes Directly interacts with Hmgb1 and NF-κΒ to form a functional complex to regulate Hmgb1-mediated histone modifications [87]
Lnc-13 LPS Human monocytes (primary and U937, THP-1) and mouse bone marrow derived macrophages Suppresses the expression of several immune-associated genes Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression and interacts with Hdac1 on chromatin and hnRNPD to regulate gene expression [76]
NRIR LPS Human monocytes (primary) Regulates the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes and protein release of CXCL10 and CCL8 Demonstrates type I IFN-dependent expression [73]
NTT N/A Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
Human monocytes (THP-1)
Regulates cell cycle G1 arrest and differentiation as well as expression of IL-10 and CXCL10 Interacts with the TF C/EBPβ and the promoter of its neighbouring gene PBOV1 via hnRNP-U [88]
Mirt2 LPS Peritoneal macrophages (C57BL/6 mice)
HEK293T and RAW264.7 cells
Regulates macrophage polarisation and aberrant inflammatory activity Inhibits TRAF6 Lys63-mediated ubiquitination and the activation of the MAPK and NF-κΒ pathways [75]
Lnc-Lsm3b Viral RNA molecules Mouse macrophages (peritoneal, RAW 264.7), L929 and HEK293T cell lines Inactivates late RIG-1 innate activity and type I IFNs production Acts as a decoy by saturating RIG-1 binding sites to inhibit inflammation and to prevent tissue host damage [63]
MALAT1 PMA, LPS Human monocytes (THP-1), mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) Regulates the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and TNF-α Interacts with NF-κΒ p50/p65 subunits to inhibit NF-κΒ DNA binding activity [82,83,93]
PMA, LPS, IL-4 Mouse macrophages (BMDM), human monocytes (PBMCs, THP-1) Regulates LPS-mediated M1 macrophage activation and IL-4-mediated M2 differentiation and pro-fibrotic phenotype Demonstrates Clec16a-dependent expression and regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carriers
LPS Mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells Induces increased tolerogenic activity of DCs Enhances DC-SIGN expression, IL-10 production and acts as an miR-155 sponge
FIRRE LPS Human macrophages (U937)
Human intestinal epithelial cells (SW480)
Mouse macrophages (RAW264.7)
Regulates expression of several inflammatory genes Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression and
interacts with hnRNPU to regulate mRNA stability by targeting their AREs
[89]
LincRNA-AK170409
LincRNA-Cox2
TLR ligands Immortalized murine bone marrow–derived macrophages (iBMDM) Both regulate NF-κΒ-dependent signalling Both lncRNAs demonstrate NF-κΒ-dependent activity -
LincRNA-COX2 promotes IκΒα degradation
[65]
Lnc-DC N/A Human conventional dendritic cells Regulates DC differentiation Binds directly to STAT3 to prevent dephosphorylation of Y705 by SHP1 [94]
Lethe TNF-α, IL-1β, dexamethasone MEF lines (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) Regulates the expression of several NF-κΒ mediated inflammatory genes Interacts with the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-κΒ to inhibit DNA binding and gene activation [96,97]
Glucose Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and bone marrow derived macrophages) Regulates ROS production and NOX2 gene expression Interacts with the NF-κΒ p65 subunit to control its translocation to the nucleus
MIR3142HG IL-1β Human lung fibroblasts (primary) Regulates CCL2 and IL-8 mRNA and protein release Demonstrates NF-κΒ-dependent expression [60]
NEAT1 Influenza, HSV-1, poly I:C Human epithelial cells (A549 cell line) and HeLa cells Regulates expression of IL-8 Interacts and relocates SFPQ from the IL8 promoter to the paraspeckles [100,101]
Multiple HUVEC cells (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells), HEK293 cells, HeLa and 293 T cells Regulates the DNA-mediated innate immune response Interacts with HEXIM1 to form the HDP-RNP complex which is required for the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway
LncITPRIP-1 Viral infections Huh7, Huh7.5, Huh7.5.1-MAVS, FL-neo, and HEK293T cells Promotes the activation of the innate immune response Binds to the C-terminus of MDA5 and promotes its oligomerisation to enhance IFN signalling and production [103]
NEAT1v2 eRNA07573 Salmonella infection HeLa cells Regulate expression of immune-associated genes and response to antibacterial defence Inhibit levels of the exosome/NEXT components and demonstrate elevated transcript stability [102]