Table 1.
Comparison of prevalence, pathogenic, and diagnostic features of gluten related disorders (GRDs); non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), IgA anti-EMA (IgA antibodies against endomysium), IgA anti-tTG (IgA antibodies against transglutaminase), IgG anti-DGP (IgG antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides).
| Celiac Disease | NCGS | Wheat Allergy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | 0.5–1.7% | no population studies | 0.5–9% in children |
| Pathogenesis | autoimmune | non-specific immune response | IgE mediated response |
| DQ2-DQ8 HLA haplotypes | positive in 95% cases | positive in 50% cases | negative |
| Serological markers | IgA anti-EMA, IgA anti-tTG, IgG anti-DGP, IgA anti-gliadin | IgA/IgG anti-gliadin in 50% cases | specific IgE antibodies against wheat and gliadin |
| Duodenal biopsy * | Marsh I to IV with domination of Marsh III and IV | Marsh 0-II, but according to some experts Marsh III might also be in NCGS | Marsh 0-II |
| Duodenal villi atrophy | present | absent | might be present or absent |
* Marsh classification.