Table 2.
Nanostructures composed of chitosan and mucins.
| Chitosan | DA (%) | Mw (kDa) | C Chitosan (mg/mL) | Mucin | C Mucin (mg/mL) | Solvent | T (°C) | Method | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glutamate salt of chitosan from Pronova Ltd. Drammen, | 11 | N/S | N/S | Porcine gastric mucin (PGM) isolated by them | N/S | 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5, 0.1 M NaCl. The ionic strength was increased up to 0.2 and 0.3 M | N/S | Complexes attached to mica surfaces and analised by atomic force microscopy performed in air | [59] |
| Chitosan HCl, high viscosity grade. Seacure® CL 313 Pronova Biopolymers a.s. | 84 | N/S | 0.02–0.08 in H2O, pH 4.6 0.2–0.8 in 0.1 M HCl, pH 1 |
Purified mucin from bovine submaxillary glands (type I) BSMG and Partially purified mucin Pig stomach type III (sigma) | BSMG: 0.1–0.6 in H2O, pH 6.8 or 0.4–1.6 in 0.1 M HCl, pH 1 PGM: 0.4–1.6 in H2O (pH 4.7–5.1) or 0.1 M HCl (pH 1) |
0.1 M HCl or distilled water | N/S | Viscosity measurements | [60] |
| Chitosan HCl (high viscosity grade) (HCS) Seacure® CL 313. Pronova Biopolymer | N/S | N/S | 5–40 in H2O and 15–50 in 0.1 M HCl | Partially purified mucin from pig stomach (Sigma) | 7.5–400 in H2O and 10–500 in 0.1 M HCl | 0.1 M HCl or distilled water | N/S | Viscosity measurements and tensile stress test | [61] |
| Chitosan from Galena Farmacêutica | 19 | 113 | 0.1 | Porcine gastric mucin type II with bound sialic acids 1% (average Mw 29 MDa) | 0.1 | Langmuir monolayer | N/S | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) | [11] |
| Chitosan MMW with a viscosity near 1% solution in 1% acetic acid equals to 200 cP from Sigma Aldrich | 15–25 | N/S | Tablets containing chitosan | Porcine vaginal mucosa from large white pigs weighing ~200 kg | Porcine vaginal mucosa or 10% mucin gel was absorbed on a cellulose fiber | 0.08 M acetic buffer, pH 4.5 | 37 | Measurement of detachment force and work of adhesion by using texture analyser | [63] |
| Two pharmaceutical grade CS HMC 15 HMC 30 from Heppe Medical Chitosan (HMC) GmbH |
14.8 32.4 |
27.5 17 |
10 | Porcine gastric mucin type III (Sigma) | 5 | 20 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.5 | 25 | Microviscosimetry Isothermal titration calorimetry |
[22] |
| Four biomedical grade HDP 1 HDP 11 HDP 27 HDP 56 from Mathani Chitosan Put. Ptd |
1.6 11 27.5 56 |
124 122 143 266 |
|||||||
| Chitosan Batch 1001135895, from sigma | 80 | 250 | 0.1 | Porcine gastric mucin type III (Sigma) | 0.1 | 1:1 (v/v) 0.01 M phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) and 0.01 M HCl. The final pH was 3.2 | RT | ζ-potential, dynamic light scattering, optical waveguide light-mode spectroscopy, tribometry and tribopair | [13] |
| Three chitosans with DP 8 DP 52 DP 100 from Mahtani chitosan Ltd. India |
<1% | 1.3 8.4 16.1 |
5 | Mucin purified from porcine stomachs. The mucins isolated were MUC5A and MUC5B Commercial bovine submaxillary mucins (BSM) from Sigma |
Immobilized on a disc or in solution at 10 mg/mL | Acidified PBS, pH 5.5 | 25 | quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and microscopy | [62] |
| Ultra-pure chitosan chloride (CS protasan UP CL 113) from Nova Matrix | 10–25 | 70–150 | 1 | RevHT29MTX cell line Adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 from ATCC |
In cell culture | Water and DMEM | 37 | Dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential, microscopy | [64] |
N/S: not specified, RT: room temperature.