Table 1.
PHA production by haloarchaea on shaking flask and stirred flask scale—collected data from literature.
| Species | Strain Isolation | Salinity in Medium, Substrates, T | Product | Production Scale/Productivity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hfx. mediterranei | Salt pond at the coast near Alicante, Spain | 150 g/L NaCl Molasses wastewater T = 15, 20, 25, and 35 °C |
PHBHV (16.7 mol.% 3HV) |
2.5 L aerated and stirred flasks 0.62 (g/L·h), qPmax. = 0.037 1/h (35 °C) | [46] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C 25–50% pre-treated vinasse |
PHBHV (12.4 mol.% 3HV using 25% vinasse) (14.1 mol.% 3HV using 50% vinasse) |
Shaking flask scale; 19.7 g/L PHA, 70 wt.% PHA in CDM, 0.21 g/(L·h) |
[54] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Rice-based stillage |
PHBHV (15.3 mol.% 3HV) |
Shaking flask scale; 16.4 g/L PHA, 70 wt.% PHA in CDM, 0.17 g/(L·h) | [51] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 190 g/L total salts; 144 g/L NaCl; Alkaline hydrolyzed Ulva sp. (macroalgae) as substrate T = 42 °C |
PHBHV (3 mol.% 3HV) |
Shaking flask scale; batch cultivation; 2.2 g/L, 58% PHA in CDM, 0.035 g/(L·h) |
[55] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 220 g/L NaCl Dephenolized and native olive mill waste water (OMW) T = 37 °C |
PHBHV (6.5 mol.% 3HV) |
Shaking flask scale, batch cultivation; 43 wt.% PHA in CDM (concentration and productivity data inconsistent in publication) |
[53] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 156 g/L NaCl; Glucose; nitrate or ammonia as N-source T = 37 °C |
PHBHV (12.5 mol.% 3HV using nitrate) (16.9 mol.% 3HV using ammonia) |
Shaking flask scale, batch cultivation; 0.63 g/L, 4.6% PHA in CDM, 0.035 g/(L·h) with ammonia (C/N = 8) 0.80 g/L, 9.3% PHA in CDM, 0.035 g/(L·h) with ammonia (C/N =8) |
[44] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 156 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose; varying phosphate concentrations |
PHBHV (22.4 mol.% 3HV) |
500 mL shaking flasks, batch 0.95 g/L PHA, 15.6 % PHA in CDM; 0.007 g/(L·h) with optimum phosphate concentration 0.5 g/L KH2PO4 | [45] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 156 g/L NaCl; Different even- or add-numbered fatty acids T = 37 °C |
PHBHV (random or b-PHBHV) (˂10 mol.% 3HV using even-numbered acids) (>87 mol.% 3HV using odd-numbered acids) |
Shaking flask scale; batch and fed-batch 0.4–1.5 g/L PHA, 10.3–27.1 wt.% PHA in CDM, 0.003–0.010 g/(L·h) (fed-batch, dependent on C-source) | [66] |
| Hfx. volcanii | Dead Sea | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
? | Shaking flask scale; Below detection limit |
[68] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 250 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose + yeast extract |
“PHB” | Shaking flask scale; 7 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[29] |
|
´´ (strain BBK2) |
Solar salterns of Ribandar in Goa, India | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate |
? (not identified) |
Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[78] |
| Hfx. gibbonsii | Salt pond at the coast near Alicante, Spain | “PHB” | Shaking flask scale; 1.2 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[29] | |
| Har. marismortui | Dead Sea | 200 g/L NaCl; Raw and charcoal-pretreated vinasse from bioethanol production |
PHB | Shaking flak scale; PHA content in CDM between 23 wt.% (10% non-detoxified vinasse) and 30 wt.% (100% charcoal-detoxified vinasse); 0.015 (non-detoxified) and 0.02 (detoxified) g/(L·h) PHB (2.8 and 4.5 g/L PHB, respectively) |
[74] |
| Har. hispanica | Salt pond at the coast near Alicante, Spain | 250 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose + yeast extract |
“PHB” | Shaking flask scale; PHA content: 2.6 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[29] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHBHV | 0.09 wt.% PHA in CDM | [68] |
| Har. sp. IRU1 | Hypersaline Urmia lake, Iran | 250 g/L NaCl 42 °C (other T tested) Glucose (other substrates tested) |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; 66 wt.% PHB in CDM |
[69] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 250 g/L NaCl 42 °C (other T tested) Glucose (other substrates tested) |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; 62 (glucose), 57 (starch), 56 (sucrose), 55 (fructose), 40 (acetate), 39 (palmitic acid) wt.% PHB in CDM Max. PHA concentration and productivity: 0.98 g/L, 0.016 g/(L·h) (glucose) |
[70] |
| 250 g/L NaCl 47 °C (other T tested) Petrochemical wastewater, tryptone |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; Max. 46.6 wt.% PHB in CDM (2% petrochemical wastewater, yeast extract, 47 °C | [71] | ||
| ´´ | ´´ | 250 g/L NaCl 47 °C (other T tested) Crude oil, yeast extract (other N-sources tested) |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; Max. 41.3 wt.% PHB in CDM (2% crude oil, yeast extract, 47 °C) |
[72] |
| Har. Japonica (strain BS2) | Solar salterns of Ribandar in Goa, India | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate |
? (not identified) |
Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[78] |
| Hgm. borinquense (strain TN9) | Solar salterns of Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu, India | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; PHA content in CDM 14 wt.%; ca. 3 mg/(L·h) PHA |
[76] |
| Hgm. Borinquense (strain E3) | Solar salterns of Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu, India | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHBHV (21.5 mol.% 3HV) |
Shaking flask scale; PHA content in CDM 74 wt.%; 0.21 g/(L·h) PHA |
[77] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C 25% and 50% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse |
PHBHV (13.3 mol.% 3HV) |
Shaking flak scale; PHA content in CDM between 45 and 50 wt.%; 0.0113 g/(L·h) PHBHV on 25% |
[78] |
| ´´ | ´´ | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Starch and carbon-rich fibrous waste (cassava bagasse) |
PHBHV (13.1% 3HV with starch, 19.7% 3HV with cassava waste) |
Shaking flask cultivations in batch mode; Starch: 4.6 g/L PHA, 0.02 g/(L·h), 74.2% PHA in CDM, Cassava bagasse: 1.52 g/L, 0.006 g/(L·h), 44.7% PHA in CDM | [79] |
| Hbt. noricense | Bore core of an Austrian Permian salt deposit | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; 0.11 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[68] |
| Hcc. dombrowskii | Dry rock salt from Austrian alpine salt mine | Complex saline medium; T = 37 °C |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; 0.16 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[68] |
| Hcc. hamelinensis | Stromatolites from the Hamelin pool in the Australian Shark Bay | Complex saline medium; T = 37 °C |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[68] |
| Hcc. morrhuae | Dead Sea | Complex saline medium; T = 37 °C |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[68] |
| Hcc. qingdaonensis | Crude sea-salt sample collected near Qingdao, PR China | Complex saline medium; T = 37 °C |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[69] |
| Hcc. saccharolyticus | Salt; Cadiz, Spain | Complex saline medium; T = 37 °C |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; 1.2 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[68] |
| Hcc. salifodinae | Austrian alpine rock salt | Complex saline medium; T = 37 °C |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; 0.06 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[68] |
|
´´ (strain BK6) |
Solar salterns of Ribandar in Goa, India | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate |
n.d. | Shaking flask scale; Below detection limit |
[78] |
| Hrr. chaviator | Sea salt in Baja California, Mexico, Western Australia and Greece | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[68] |
| Hrr. coriense | Dead Sea | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; Not quantified |
[68] |
| Hbf. Haloterrestris (“strain 135(T)”) | Samples collected from surface of hypersaline soil collected in Aswan, Egypt | 220 g/L NaCl; T = 42 °C (other T tested) Acetate + butyric acid or complex media |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; 40 wt.% PHB in CDM on butyric acid, 15 wt.% PHB in CDM on complex medium |
[83] |
| Nnm. ajinwuensis (=altunense) | Indian salt production pans | 200 g/L NaCl (other salinities tested); T = 37 °C Glucose |
PHBHV (13.9 mol.% 3HV) |
Repeated batch cultivations in shaking flaks PHA content in CDM 61 wt.%; ca. 15 g/L PHA; 0.21 g/(L·h) PHA |
[61] |
| Nnm. Palladium (strain JCM 8980, =isolate 1KYS1) | Kayacik saltern, Turkey | 250 g/L NaCl; Starch |
PHBHV (25 mol.% 3HV) |
Shaking flak cultivations; PHA content in CDM 53 wt.%; 0.3 mg/(L·h) PHA |
[84] |
| Nbt. gregoryi | Soda slat lake liquors from the East African Magadi soda lake | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C alkaliphile; Carbohydrates |
PHB | Shaking flask scale; 0.62 wt.% PHB |
[68] |
| Ncc. occultus | Magadi Lake, Kenia | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 37 °C alkaliphile; Glucose |
PHBHV | Shaking flask scale; 3.1 wt.% PHB |
[68] |
| Hrd. utahensis | Sediments of the Great Salt Lake in Utah | 270 g/L NaCl (maximum described salinity optimum for living beings!); T = 50 °C Limited number of carbohydrates |
Not specified (“PHB is produced”) |
Shaking flask scale; No quantitative data |
[93] |
| Hrd. tiamatea | Hypersaline, anoxic deep-sea brine-sediment interface of the Red Sea | 270 g/L NaCl (maximum described salinity optimum for living beings!); T = 45 °C Starch |
Not specified (“PHB is produced”) |
Shaking flask scale; No quantitative data |
[94] |
| Hrd. rudnickae | Borehole at Polish salt mine | 200 g/L NaCl; T = 40 °C | Not specified (“PHB is produced”) |
Shaking flask scale; No quantitative data |
[96] |
| Hqr. walsbyi | Sinai peninsula and saltern crystallizers in Australia and Spain | 140–360 g/L NaCl for growth (optimum: >180 g/L); T = 25–45 °C | PHB | Shaking flaks scale; ˂1 wt.% PHA in CDM |
[68,88,89] |