Table 7.

Associations of visual diagnostics (VD) and of emphysema subtypes with cluster membership

	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	P value
Visual Diagnosis by Radiologist (VD)
	N = 55	N = 41	N = 76	N = 51
Bronchiectasis (%)	45	31	57	62	0.018
Interstitial lung disease (ILD, %)	25	34	30	10	0.030
Lung nodule (%)	65	68	73	61	0.476
	N = 14	N = 14	N = 23	N = 5
Ground glass opacities (GGO)	93%	100%	95%	60%	0.023
Reticular opacities	93%	93%	100%	80%	0.309
Honeycombing	57%	29%	65%	40%	0.163
Emphysema subtypes
	N = 51	N = 31	N = 74	N = 49
CLE	7.8%	16.1%	10.8%	6.1%	0.481
PSE	9.8%	12.9%	0	0	<  0.005
PLE	0	0	0	0	NS
CLE + PSE	82.4%	67.7%	85.1%	65.3%	<  0.005
CLE + PLE	0	0	0	10.2%	<  0.005
PSE + PLE	0	0	0	0	NS
CLE + PSE + PLE	0	0	4.1%	18.4%	<  0.0001
Progression Index
(ΔEmph% ≥ 1%) (Rapid-progressors)	N = 51	N = 46	N = 50	N = 22
	25%	11%	58%	68%	<  0.001

Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were performed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively, and their P values were reported

Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were performed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Five hundred ninety-nine SPIROMICS subjects were used for progression index (169 former smokers were available)

CLE Centrilobular, PSE Paraseptal, PLE Panlobular emphysema