. 2019 Jun 25;8(2):87. doi: 10.3390/pathogens8020087

Table 3.

Antibiotic Resistance Trends of Campylobacter in Some African Countries.

Region/Country	Source	Species	Antibiotic	Resistance %	Method Used	Reference
EAST AFRICA
Ethiopia/South Western	Humans, diarrhoeal children	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	39.5	Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion	[5]
Ethiopia/South Western	Humans, diarrhoeal children	Campylobacter	Chloramphenicol	31.6	Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion	[5]
Kenya, North eastern Nairobi	Backyard chicken	C. jejuni	Tetracycline	71	PCR	[87]
			Ciprofloxacin	71
			Nalidixic acid	77.4
			Chloramphenicol	25.8
Mozambique	Diarrhoeal children	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	22	Disk Diffusion	[36]
			Ciprofloxacin	11
			Chloramphenicol	11
			Nalidixic acid	11
Tanzania
Morogo/Eastern	Free range ducks	Campylobacter	Erythromycin	20–50	Disk Diffusion	[66]
Iringa/North, Morogoro/Eastern Arusha/South West	Milk, beef	Campylobacter	Ciprofloxacin	9.3	Disk Diffusion	[65]
			Erythromycin	53.7
			Tetracycline	18.5
			Azithromycin	42.6
			Nalidixic acid	64.8
			Chloramphenicol	13
			Ciprofloxacin	11.8
			Erythromycin	70.6	Broth micro-dilution
			Tetracycline	17.7
Morogoro/Eastern	Humans	Campylobacter	Ciprofloxacin	22.1	Disk Diffusion	[37]
Uganda/ Kampala	Humans	Campylobacter	Ciprofloxacin	5	Disk Diffusion	[27]
WEST AFRICA
Burkina Faso/ Ouagadougou	Humans	Campylobacter	Ciprofloxacin	13.8	Disk Diffusion	[41]
			Tetracycline	10.3
			Erythromycin	10.3
			Nalidixic acid	34.5
Ivory Coast/Abidjan	Chicken	C. jejuni	Ciprofloxacin	38.5	Disk Diffusion	[6]
			Erythromycin	10.3
			Nalidixic acid	79.5
		C. coli	Ciprofloxacin	43.2	Disk Diffusion
			Erythromycin	8.1
			Nalidixic acid	78.4
Ghana
Kumasi/South	Humans	Campylobacter	Erythromycin	92.3–100	Disk Diffusion	[42]
Kumasi/South	Humans	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	92.3–93.3	Disk Diffusion	[42]
Kumasi/South	Poultry carcass and faeces	Campylobacter	Quinolones	41–86	Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion	[71]
			Erythromycin	100
			Tetracycline	97–100
Kumasi/South	Livestock	Campylobacter	Quinolones	7–69	Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion	[72]
			Erythromycin	97–100
			Tetracycline	48–94
Nigeria
Sokoto/North Western	Poultry cloacal swabs	Campylobacter	Erythromycin	11.6	Disk Diffusion	[88]
Osogbo/South Western	Humans	Campylobacter coli	Ciprofloxacin	0	Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion	[25]
			Nalidixic acid	66
			Erythromycin	0
			Tetracycline	0

Ilorin/Middle belt	Humans	Campylobacter	Ciprofloxacin	0	Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion	[23]
			Erythromycin	0
			Nalidixic acid	24
			Tetracycline	12
SOUTHERN AFRICA
Durban/South Eastern	Humans	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	64	PCR	[89]
Durban/South Eastern	Chicken	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	68	PCR	[89]
Durban/South Eastern	Humans	C. jejuni	Erythromycin	31.5	Broth microdilution	[90]
		C. jejuni	Azithromycin	50
		C. coli	Erythromycin	38.9
		C. coli	Azithromycin	77
Vende/ Northern	Cattle	C. jejuni	Ciprofloxacin	33.3	Disk diffusion	[91]
			Erythromycin	42.9
			Nalidixic acid	26.2
			Tetracycline	31
	Chicken		Ciprofloxacin	29
			Erythromycin	56.7
			Nalidixic acid	47.8
			Tetracycline	33.3
	Cattle	C. coli	Ciprofloxacin	56.3
			Erythromycin	6.8
			Nalidixic acid	37.5
			Tetracycline	62.5
	Chicken		Ciprofloxacin	37.5
			Erythromycin	43.8
			Nalidixic acid	31.3
			Tetracycline	43.8
Kwazulu Natal	Commercial free range broilers	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	100	Agar Dilution	[92]
			Ciprofloxacin	95.4
			Erythromycin	87.9
	Rural birds		Tetracycline	21.6
			Ciprofloxacin	7.9
			Erythromycin	0
	Industrial broiler		Tetracycline	98.9
			Ciprofloxacin	15.9
			Erythromycin	47.6
	Industrial layer		Tetracycline	100
			Ciprofloxacin	17.7
			Erythromycin	43.7
Kwazulu Natal	Broiler	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	98.2	Agar Dilution	[28]
			Erythromycin	50
			Ciprofloxacin	8.9
			Nalidixic acid	35.7
	Layer		Tetracycline	100
			Erythromycin	42.9
			Ciprofloxacin	23.8
			Nalidixic acid	52.4
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria
Bouira/ Middle area	Turkey carcasses	Campylobacter	Tetracycline	81.3	Disk Diffusion	[77]
			Ciprofloxacin	75
			Erythromycin	25
			Nalidixic acid	87.5
Middle area/Algiers, Bouira &, Boumerdes	Sheep, calves broiler carcasses	Campylobacter	Ciprofloxacin	91.6	Disk Diffusion	[29]
			Erythromycin	88.5
			Tetracycline	44.7
			Nalidixic acid	96.8
Egypt
Giza	Poultry	Campylobacter	Erythromycin	58.8	Disk Diffusion	[57]
			Tetracycline	58.8
			Chloramphenicol	64.7
	Human		Erythromycin	50
			Tetracycline	75
			Chloramphenicol	50
Cairo	Human	C. jejuni	Nalidixic acid	40	Disk diffusion	[59]
			Tetracycline	6
			Erythromycin	9
			Chloramphenicol	3
		C. coli	Nalidixic acid	24
			Tetracycline	24
			Erythromycin	10
			Chloramphenicol	0