Table 1.
Relevant exposures for inclusion in exposome studies.
| Exposure Group | Exposure |
|---|---|
| External | |
| - Meteorology | Climate change, temperature, humidity, wind, atmospheric pressure |
| - Outdoor exposures | NO2, SO2, CO, O3, VOCs, PM, radiation, UV, traffic, pollen |
| - Built environment | Population density, building density, facilities, green space, walkability, neighborhood safety, accessibility to resources (e.g., hospitals, bus stations), noise |
| - Home environment | VOCs, PM, NO2, CO, aldehydes, metals, plasticizers, dust, pets, pests, allergen (e.g., house dust mites), mold, fungi, microbes, endotoxin |
| - Personal behavior | Diets, physical activity, tobacco smoke, alcohol, drugs, sleep, sex, cosmetics |
| - Social economic factors | Social factors, education, economy, psychological and mental stress |
| - Food and water contaminants | Fertilizers, metals, pesticides, plasticizers, DBPs, PCBs, flame retardants, PFASs |
| - Medications | Medicines, surgeries |
| - Occupational exposures | Chemicals, dust, metals, virus, animal proteins, plants, heat/cold stress |
| Internal | |
| Primary external exposures and associated metabolites, epigenetic (e.g., methylations, histone modifications), microbiome/metabolome/proteome/transcriptome/genome changes, etc. | |
Abbreviations: VOCs: volatile organic compounds; PM: particulate matter; PCB: polychlorinated biphenyl; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; UV: ultraviolet; CO: carbon oxide; O3: ozone; SO2: sulfur dioxide; DBPs: (water) disinfection by-products; PFASs: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.