Table 2.

Ethomedicinal uses of M. esculenta.

Plant Part Used	Uses	Region/Tribe	References
Leaf, fruit, root, bark	Jaundice	Meghalaya, India	[23]
Leaf	Inflammation of vocal cord	Meghalaya, India	[24]
Bark	Antiseptic	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe	[24]
Fruit, bark, leaf	Fever	Meghalaya, India Vietnam, South China	[24]
Bark	Anemia	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe	[24]
Fruit	Refreshing drink “Um Soh-Phi”	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe	[24]
Bark	Sore	Nagaland, India Zeliang tribe	[43]
Bark	Toothache	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe Almora, Uttarakhand, India	[24,41,57]
Bark	Sprain	Far-flung village, Jajarkot, Nepal	[58]
Flower, bark, leaf	Inflammation, paralysis	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe Vietnam, South China	[24,59]
Unripe fruit	Anthelmintic	Himachal Pradesh, India	[59]
Fruit	Bronchitis, dysentery	Nepalese community, Nepal	[60]
Bark	Mental illness	Orissa, India	[61]
Bark	Skin disorder	Vietnam, South China	[62]
Bark	Cholera	Mizoram, India	[63,64]
Bark	Cardiac debility, cardiac edema	Meghalaya, India	[64]
Bark	Carminative	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe Mizoram, India	[22,64]
Bark, leaf	Asthma, chronic bronchitis, lung infection	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe Vietnam, South China Chaubas and Syabru, Nepal	[23,63,65]
Flower	Earache	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe Almor, Uttarakhand, India Himachal Pradesh, India	[24,41,49,66]
Bark, flower, leaf, fruit	Diarrhea, dysentery, stomach problem	Meghalaya, India Khasi tribe Almora, Uttarakhand, India Chungtia village, Nagaland, India	[24,66,67]
Leaf	Redness of mucosa	Chungtia village, Nagaland, India	[67]
Fruit	Body ache	Ukhimath block, Uttarakhand, India	[68]
Bark, fruit	Headache	Mizoram, India Ukhimath block, Uttarakhand. India	[64,68]
Fruit	Ulcer	Himalaya, India	[69]