Table 6.

Biological effects of M. esculenta.

Part Use	Extract/Fraction	Dose Tested/Route of Administration	Animals/Cell Lines	Experimental Models	Result	Reference
Anti-inflammatory
Leaves	Methanolic	200 mg/kg, p.o.	Rat	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema	Significant anti-inflammatory activity	[93]
Stem Bark	Essential oil	10 mL per ear	Swiss albino mice	In vitro [ear]	Significant anti-inflammatory potential	[111]
Leaves	ME- EtAC	100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.	Wistar rats	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema	Significant anti-inflammatory activity	[50]
Bark	Ethyl acetate and aqueous	100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.	Wistar albino rats	Carrageenan and histamine induced rat paw edema	Significant anti-inflammatory potential (EAE> AE)	[102]
Antimicrobial
Stem bark	Volatile oil	10 mL	BP, SA, SE, EC, PA, CA, AN and SC	---	Significant antimicrobial potential	[111]
Bark and fruit	Methanolic and chloroform	---	---	Agar Well diffusion method	Significant antimicrobial potential (Bark> Fruits)	[109]
Fruit pulp	Ethanolic	10 and 50 mg/ml	In vitro	Disc diffusion assay	Dose dependent antimicrobial potential	[73]
Fruit	Methanolic	50 μL	SA, SE, BS, PM, EC, SE	Agar Well diffusion method	Significant potential against Pathogens
Antifungal
Fruit	Methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous	10 and 50mg/ml	Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus	Disc diffusion assay	Significant antifungal activity	[73]
Anthelmintic
Bark	50% Aqueous Ethanolic	12.5, 25 and 50 mg/ml	Earthworms (Pheretima posthuma)	---	Paralysis and death at 12.5 mg.ml	[107]
Anticancer
Fruit	Methanol, acid methanol acetone and acidic acetone	66.7, 166.5, 333, 500, 667 µg f.w./100 µL culture medium	C33A, SiHa and HeLa cell lines	---	Acetone and acidic acetone extracts showed anticancer potential	[108]
Fruit	Methanolic	5mg/ml	HepG2, Hela and MDA-MB-231 cells	MTT assay	Moderate anticancer activity	[78]
Chemopreventive
Bark	Ethanolic	2.0 mg and 4.0 mg/kg	Swiss albino mice	Cumene hydroperoxide-mediated cutaneous oxidative stress and toxicity	↑ antioxidant enzymes activity	[113]
Antioxidant
Fruit	Methanolic	---	In vitro	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay	Significant antioxidant activity	[78]
Fruit pulp	Methanolic	0.10 ml	In vitro	DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay	Good scavenging potential	[76]
Fruit	Aqueous methanol and acetone	100 µl	In vitro	DPPH assay	Acetone extract showed higher scavenging potential	[94]
Fruit	Methanol, acidic methanol, acetone, and acidic-acetone	---	In vitro	DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and Superoxide anion radicals scavenging assay	MeAA showed higher antimicrobial potential and MeAM and MeA intermediate	[103]
Fruit	Fruit Juice	0.2–2.0 mg/mL	In vitro	DPPH, H2O2 and NO scavenging activity	Moderate antioxidant activity	[95]
Antidiabetic
Leaves	Methanolic	50,100 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.	Albino wistar rats	STZ induced diabetes	Significant anti-dyslipidemic effect at 150 mg/kg and maintain blood glucose level	[105]
Hepatoprotective
Polyherbal formulation (Herbitars)	---	50 and 100 mg/kg	Wistar rat	CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity	Extract ↓TBARS, ↑SOD, CAT, GSH	[114]
Antidepressant
Bark	Methanolic	300, 500 mg/kg, p.o.	Albino mice	Open field test, cage-crossing test, head-dip test, rearing test, traction test, forced swimming test	Significant antidepressant activity	[104]
Anxiolytic
Bark	Ethanolic	100, 200 and 400 mg/kg	Rats	Tail suspension test	Significant and dose dependent anxiolytic activity	[61]
				Forced swimming test
Antihypertensive
Leaves	Methanolic	100 mM	In vitro	ACE inhibitory activity	Potent ACE inhibition potential	[45]
Antiasthmatic
Bark	Ethanolic	75 mg/kg, p.o.	Guinea pig	Acetylcholine induced bronchospasm	Protection against bronchospasm and anaphylaxis	[98]
Bark	Ethanolic	75 mg/kg, p.o.	In vitro	Guinea pig tracheal strip	↓pD2 value of histamine and acetylcholine	[98]
Stem bark	Ethanolic	150 mg/kg, p.o.	Guinea pig	Histamine induced bronchospasm	↓TLC and DLC	[115]
Stem Bark	Ethanolic	75 and 150 mg/kg, p.o.	Mice	Acetic acid induced vascular permeability and allergic pleurisy		[99]
Stem bark	Aqueous extract	27 & 54mg/kg p.o.	Guinea pig	histamine induced bronchospasm	Significant antiasthamtic potential	[100]
			In vitro	Guinea pig tracheal chain
Bark	Polar, non-polar and methanolic	200 mg/kg, p.o.	Rat and in vitro	Acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in conscious guinea pigs; acetylcholine induced contraction on isolated guinea pig tracheal chain preparation; compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation using rat; and trypsin and egg albumin induced bronchospasm	PE showed higher potential than NPE and ME	[101]
Antiulcer
Bark	Ethanolic	100 and 200 mg/kg	Albino rat	Pyloric ligation induced ulcer	↓level of GV, FA, LPO and GSH and ↑ CAT, nitrate and MPO↓level of GV, FA, LPO and GSH and ↑ CAT, nitrate and MPO	[112]
Antidiarrheal
Leaves	Ethanolic	250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.	Mice	Castor-oil induced diarrhea	Significant antidiarrheal activity	[106]
Antipruritic
Stem bark	Aqueous	150 mg/kg	Male mice	Compound 48/80-induced	Significantly decrease in scratching effect	[116]
Analgesic
Fruit	Methanolic	50, 100 mg/kg, p.o.	Mice	Eddy’s hot plate method	Significant analgesic activity	[92]
Leaves	ME-EtAC	100, 200 mg/kg, p.o.	Mice	Acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion assay	Significant response at 200 mg/kg	[50]
Leaves	Methanolic	200 mg/kg, p.o.	Mice	Acetic acid induced writhing	54.56% inhibition of writhing	[93]
Antipyretic
Fruit	Methanolic	50 and 100 mg/kg	Mice	Yeast induced pyrexia in mice	Significant antipyretic effect at 100 mg/kg	[92]
Wound healing
Bark	Aqueous	Ointment (100 mg/500mm2)	Albino rats	Wound excision and incision	Significant wound healing potential	[59]