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SEM images for ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles synthesized with (a) hydrothermal, (b) citrate precursors, (c,d) solvothermal synthetic methods. (e) The degradation percentage of toluene among 1 (ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles + citrate precursors), 2 (P25 TiO2), 3 (ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles + hydrothermal), 4 (TiO2 nanoballs), and 5 (ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles + solvothermal synthetic) samples under UV illumination [45]. (adapted from [45], with permission from Elsevier, 2019).
