Figure 4.

Sequential frames A‒D extracted from video showing bubble removal from an incoming segmented flow stream (bubble volume = 2.2 ± 0.3 μL, Q = 1.1 mL min⁻¹, and V_b:V_T = 0.4). Flow is left to right. (A) White arrow highlighting bubble at left edge of frame, t = 0 s. (B) Segmented flow moving down tube toward RID, t = 0.73 s. (C) Bubbles upstream of highlighted bubble enter RID, t = 1.33 s. (D) Highlighted bubble close to the entrance of the RID module. Upstream bubbles have been removed and bubble-free flow leaves the module, t = 2 s. Bubble removal rate dV/dt = 440 μL min⁻¹. Scale bar = 3 mm.