Table 2.

Primary animal (non-zoonotic) pathogens vectored by Dipterans. The taxon groups listed for viruses are families. Taxon groups for vectors are at the genus level.

Pathogen	Taxon Group	Vectors	Animal Hosts	Range
African Horse Sickness virus	Reoviridae	Midges (Culicoides) [43]	Equids [43]	Central/southern Africa [43]
Bluetongue Disease virus	Reoviridae	Midges (Culicoides) [44]	Ruminants [44]	North America, Central America, South America, Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia, Estonia and Russia, southern and central Europe [45]
Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus	Reoviridae	Midges (Culicoides) [46]	Ruminants [46]	North America, Australia, Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean [46]
Lumpy Skin Disease virus	Poxviridae	Mosquitoes (Aedes Anopheles), flies (Musca, Stomoxys, Glossina), and midges (Culicoides) [47]	Cattle [47]	Africa, the Middle East, South-Eastern Europe, Russia [47]
Schmallenberg virus	Peribunyaviridae	Midges (Culicoides) [48]	Ruminants [49]	Europe [49]
Trypanosoma evansi (Surra)	Protozoan	Hematophagous flies (Tabanus, Musca) [50]	Vampire bats (reservoir), ungulates, ruminants, dogs, cats [50]	Asia, northern Africa, Central America, South America, the Middle East [50]