Figure 2. Data Integration and Visualization Technologies .

A, Paper-based system for multiple-user interface devices. The traditional medical record format comprises mixed records, multiple device interfaces, and free-form text. This system does not integrate patient data from the various sources. Reprinted with permission from Springer Nature.¹⁶ B, This system, typically an electronic medical record system, provides basic time series of physiological patient data. This system may help understand patient trends over time but may be unsuitable for large numbers of parameters. Reprinted with permission from Taylor & Francis Ltd¹⁷ and John Wiley and Sons.¹⁸ C, Physiological data are presented using a metaphor that connects the data being viewed to a real-life device setup (eg, a running infusion) or a physiological system (eg, cardiovascular system). This system relies on the ability of the metaphor to convey meaning and may be a software system separate from an electronic medical record system. Reprinted with permission from Springer Nature¹⁶ and SAGE Publications, Inc.¹⁹