Table 2. Dental Prescribing Rates and Frequencies in the United States and England by Drug, 2016.
| Prescription | United States | England |
|---|---|---|
| Codeine | ||
| Dental codeine prescriptions, No. | 2 657 486 | 28 082 |
| Population-based codeine prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per 1000 population (95% CI) | 8.2 (4.1-15.8) | 0.5 (0.03-3.7) |
| Clinician-based codeine prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per dentist (95% CI) | 13.5 (7.7-22.2) | 1.2 (0.2-5.6) |
| Hydrocodone | ||
| Dental hydrocodone prescriptions, No. | 7 126 867 | 0 |
| Population-based hydrocodone prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per 1000 population (95% CI) | 22.0 (13.8-33.3) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Clinician-based hydrocodone prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per dentist (95% CI) | 36.3 (26.1-49.8) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Oxycodone | ||
| Dental oxycodone prescriptions, No. | 1 044 611 | 0 |
| Population-based oxycodone prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per 1000 population (95% CI) | 3.2 (1.1-8.8) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Clinician-based oxycodone prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per dentist (95% CI) | 5.3 (2.2-11.7) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Tramadol | ||
| Dental tramadol prescriptions, No. | 543 630 | 0 |
| Population-based tramadol prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per 1000 population (95% CI) | 1.7 (0.2-5.6) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Clinician-based tramadol prescribing rate, No. of prescriptions per dentist (95% CI) | 2.8 (0.6-7.2) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Other opioidsa | ||
| Other opioid prescriptions by dentists, No. | 67 604 | 0 |
| Population-based prescribing rate of other opioids, No. of prescriptions per 1000 population (95% CI) | 0.2 (0.03-3.7) | 0 (0-3.7) |
| Clinician-based prescribing rates of other opioids, No. of prescriptions per dentist (95% CI) | 0.3 (0.03-3.7) | 0 (0-3.7) |
a
The category of other opioids includes levorphanol (n = 2), opium (n = 8), oxymorphone (n = 454), butorphanol (n = 176), buprenorphine (n = 338), methadone (n = 579), tapentadol (n = 695), pentazocine (n = 1463), fentanyl (n = 1466), morphine (n = 4430), hydromorphone (n = 9774), and meperidine (n = 48 219).