Table 1.

Repositioning of non-antifungal drugs to antifungals.

Compounds	Functions	Repositioning Methods	Target Fungi	References
Bithionol	Anti-parasitic drug	High-throughput ATP content assays	Exserohilum rostratum	[39]
Tacrolimus	Immunosuppressive agent	The same as above	E. rostratum	[39]
Floxuridine	Antimetabolite	The same as above	E. rostratum	[39]
Auranofin	Rheumatoid arthritis drug	Clinical & Laboratory Standard Insitute (CLSI) M27-A3 protocol	Candida and Cryptococcus strains	[40]
Auranofin	Rheumatoid arthritis drug	CLSI M27-A3 (for yeast) & M38-A2 (for filamentous fungi) protocols	Aspergillus fumigatus, Scedosporium apiospermum, Lomentospora prolificans, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans	[41]
Drospirenone	Synthetic hormone (birth control pills) w/ethinylestradiol	Enhancement of amphotericin B/caspofungin activity against Candida albicans biofilms (96-well plate assay)	C. albicans, Candida glabrata	[42]
Perhexiline	Anti-anginal agent	The same as above	The same as above	[42]
Toremifine	Selective oestrogen receptor modulator (Oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer treatment)	The same as above	The same as above	[42]
Aspirin (Acetyl salicylic acid)	Anti-pain, fever, or inflammation drug	European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) protocol	C. neoformans, Cryptococcus gatti	[43]
Ibuprofen	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug	The same as above	The same as above	[43]
Human glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors	Neurological disorder drug	24-well plate assay	A. fumigatus	[44]
Octodrine from Johns Hopkins Clinical Compound Library version 1.0.	Decongestant drug	CLSI M44-A2 protocol	C. albicans	[45]
Amiodarone from Prestwick library (Off-patent, biologically active molecules)	Antiarrhythmic drug	High-throughput adenylate kinase assay	C. neoformans	[46]
Thioridazine	Antipsychotic drug	The same as above	C. neoformans	[46]
Artesunate from Pharmakon 1600 repositioning library	Antimalarial drug	Miconazole synergy test (Anti-biofilm testing)	C. albicans	[47]
Hexachlorophene	Anti-infective (topical) drug	The same as above	C. albicans	[47]
Pyrvinium pamoate	Antihelmintic drug	The same as above	C. albicans	[47]
Quinacrine	Anti-protozoan drug	96-well plate anti-biofilm testing	C. albicans	[48]
Cyclo-Phosphamide (plus 28 drugs)	Anti-cancer drug	96-well anti-filamentation assay	C. albicans	[49]
Tosedostat from the Enzo & the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland oncology collection libraries	Anti-cancer (Aminopeptidase inhibitor) drug	EUCAST protocol.	C. albicans, C. glabrata	[14]
Chloroquine	Anti-malarial drug	Microtiter well plate yeast-to-hyphae transition assay	C. albicans	[50]
Aliskiren	Anti-hypertensive drug	CLSI M27-A2 protocol	C. albicans	[51]
Atorvastatin	Anti-hypercholestero-laemia drug	CLSI M27-A3 protocol	C. gatti	[52]
P21-activated protein kinase inhibitor	Anti-thyroid cancer drug	Agar plate bioassay	Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearium, Phytopthora sp., Myrothecium roridum, Helminthosporium maydis.	[53]