Skip to main content
. 2019 Jul 9;10:836. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00836

TABLE 1.

Major characters linked with primary metabolism and differing between temperate fruit species.

Botanical family Species Fruit development duration (DPA) Climacteric ripening a Major phloem transported sugara Transient starch storage Major soluble sugars in ripe fruit Major organic acids in ripe fruit Major amino acids in ripe fruit References
Actinidiaceae Kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa Actinidia chinensis 237 Yes2 Sucrose Yes Glucose/fructose Quinate/citrate Aspartate Chen et al., 2017; Klages et al., 1998; Nardozza et al., 2013; Richardson et al.,2011
Hardy kiwifruit (kiwai) Actinidia arguta 140 Yes Yes Sucrose Quinate/citrate – Kim et al., 2012; Klages et al., 1998; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Cucumis sativus 20 No2 Raffinose/stachyose/sucrose4 Fructose/glucose Malate (commercial)/citrate (physiological) – Hu et al., 2009; McFeeters et al.,1982
Melon Cucumis melo 48 Yes for cantaloupe2 No for honeydew1 Raffinose/stachyose/sucrose Sucrose Citrate Glutamate/glutamine/GABA Mitchell et al., 1992; Wang et al.,1996
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus 55 No2 Raffinose/stachyose/sucrose3 Sucrose Malate Gao et al., 2018; Zhang and Ge,2016
Ericaceae Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Yes2 Glucose/fructose Citrate Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Grossulariaceae Blackcurrant Ribes nigrum Glucose/fructose Citrate Glutamine/α-alanine Burroughs, 1960; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Redcurrant Ribes rubrum Glucose/fructose Citrate Glutamine/α-alanine Burroughs, 1960; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Rosaceae Apple Malus domestica 160 Yes2 Sucrose/sorbitol4 Yes Fructose Malate Asparagine/aspartate/glutamate Brookfield et al., 1997; Drake and Eisele, 1999; Zhang et al.,2010
Apricot Prunus armeniaca 65 Yes2 Sucrose/sorbitol4 Glucose/fructose (cv. Harcot) sucrose (cvs Bavinity and Trevatt) Citrate/malate Bae et al., 2014; Wills et al.,1983
Blackberry Rubus fruticosus Yes/no Glucose/fructose Isocitrate Asparagine/glutamate Burdon and Sexton, 1993; Burroughs, 1960; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al., 2012; Whiting,1958
Sweet cherry Prunus avium No2 Sucrose/sorbitol4 Glucose/fructose Malate Usenik et al., 2008; Wills et al.,1983
Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa Sorbitol/glucose Malate Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Eastern shadbush Amelanchier canadensis Glucose/fructose/sorbitol Malate Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Peach Prunus persica 125 Yes2 Sucrose/sorbitol4 Yes Sucrose Malate/citrate Asparagine/glutamate/proline Moing et al., 1998; Wills et al.,1983
Pear Pyrus communis Pyrus pyrifolia Yes2 Sucrose/sorbitol4 Yes Fructose Malate/citrate Asparagine/serine Chen et al., 2007; Drake and Eisele, 1999; Mesa et al.,2016
Prune Prunus domestica Sucrose/sorbitol4 Glucose/fructose/sucrose (cultivar dependent) Malate Wills et al.,1983
Plum Prunus salicina 91 Yes/no Glucose/fructose Quinate Bae et al.,2014
Raspberry Rubus idaeus No2 Glucose/fructose Citrate Serine/α-alanine Burroughs, 1960; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Rowanberry Sorbus aucuparia Sorbitol Malate Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa 39 No2 Sucrose3 Yes Glucose/fructose or glucose/fructose/sucrose cultivar dependent Citrate Asparagine/glutamine Burroughs, 1960; Mikulic-Petkovsek et al., 2012; Moing et al., 2001; Souleyre et al.,2004
Wild strawberry Fragaria vesca Glucose/fructose/sucrose Citrate Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
Rutaceae Clementine/mandarine Citrus clementina Citrus unshiu No2 No Sucrose Citrate Legua et al., 2014; Mehouachi et al.,1995
Acidic lemon Citrus limon 150 No2 Glucose/sucrose Citrate Albertini et al.,2006
Acidless lemon Citrus limon 150 No2 Fructose Citrate/malate/quinate Glutamate/alanine Albertini et al., 2006; Brückner and Westhauser,1994
Acidic lime Citrus latifolia 150 No2 Glucose/sucrose Citrate Albertini et al.,2006
Acidless lime Citrus limettioides 150 No2 Fructose Citrate/malate/quinate Albertini et al.,2006
Acidic orange Citrus sinensis 150 No2 Glucose/fructose Citrate Albertini et al.,2006
Acidless orange Citrus sinensis 150 No2 Sucrose Fructose Quinate Glutamate/alanine Albertini et al., 2006; Brückner and Westhauser, 1994; Hijaz and Killiny,2014
Solanaceae Eggplant Solanum melongena Yes/No2 Glucose/fructose Malate Kozukue et al., 1978; Makrogianni et al.,2017
Pepper Capsicum chilense 70 Yes/no1 Glucose/fructose Citrate (red) Malate (green) GABA/proline/asparagine Flores et al., 2012; Osorio et al.,2012
Goji berry Lycium barbarum Glucose/fructose Citrate/malate Mikulic-Petkovsek et al.,2012
cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum 40–60 Yes1,2 Sucrose4 Yes Glucose/fructose Citrate/malate Glutamate/glutamine Schaffer and Petreikov, 1997; Schauer et al.,2004
Wild tomato, S. neorickii, S. chmielewskii, S. habrochaites S. pennellii 40–60 Sucrose Citrate/malate Tryptophan (S. habrochaites) Aspartate (S. chmielewskii) Pyoglutamate/aspartate (S. neorickii) GABA (S. pennellii) Schauer et al.,2004
Vitaceae Grape berry Vitis vinifera 100–110 No2 Sucrose Little or no Glucose/fructose Malate/tartrate Proline/alanine/GABA Dai et al., 2013; Guan et al., 2017; Ollat et al., 2002; Swanson and El-Shishiny,1958

Fruit development duration in days post-anthesis (DPA), ripening type (climacteric or non-climacteric) and compositional characteristics of phloem sap and ripe fruit. aDefined according to Barry and Giovannoni (2007)1, Paul et al. (2012)2, Rennie and Turgeon (2009)3, Fu et al. (2011)4.