Sympathetic neuron proliferation is increased by BDNF, NMYC, Id2 and Hand2 and reduced by Hand2 knockdown and p27kip1. E7 sympathetic neurons, transfected with expression vectors for GFP, or cotransfected with NMYC, Id2, Hand2, p27kip1 or siHand2 were analyzed for proportion of GFP-positive neurons labeled by BrdU as in Figure 3. BDNF was administered in a concentration of 50 μm. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent experiments). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, significantly different from control.