Table 2.

Potential benefits of conceptual frameworks for questions in evaluation research

	Question	Benefit
Summative evaluation	• What are possible outcomes of certain interventions?	• Use frameworks to develop in-depth understanding of complex interventions like CESS
		• Use frameworks to identify unknown or unclear elements and how they impact
	• Is this outcome appropriate, given the structure of this intervention?	• Use frameworks to define and justify appropriate outcomes for evaluation in line with aims and goals.
	• What kinds of outcomes can be used to evaluate different interventions?	• Use frameworks to develop generic outcomes suitable for all kinds of CESS
Formative evaluation	• Do elements of the intervention work as expected?	• Use frameworks as feedback and steering mechanism during process to alter and optimize intervention
	• Are there any unintended side-effects/consequences as result of the intervention?
	• Are there any unclear influences, effects on elements of CESS?
	• Were performed actions in line with aims and goals?	• Use frameworks to retrospectively analyse a single case
Additional use	Inform teaching