Table 2.

Relationship of Opioid Use to Demographic Factors, Gastric Emptying, and Resource Utilization

Category	Variable	On opioids	Not on opioids	P value, on vs not on opioids	On potent opioids	On weaker opioids	P value, on potent vs weaker opioids
Demographic factors	Age, y, means ± SD	44 ± 13	42 ± 14	.11	44 ± 13	44 ± 13	.95
	Female sex	202/240 (84%)	286/343 (83%)	.80	165/198 (83%)	37/42 (88%)	.64
	Race
	White	84%	89%	.18	84%	86%	.87
	Black	12%	8%		12%	10%
	Other	4%	3%		4%	5%
	Etiology
	Diabetic	38%	32%	.13	39%	31%	.39
	Idiopathic	62%	68%		61%	69%
Pain severity	PAGI-SYM upper abdominal pain score ≥ 3	180/240 (75%)	205/343 (60%)	.0001	155/198 (78%)	25/42 (60%)	.02
	PAGI-SYM upper abdominal pain score <3	60/240 (25%)	138/343 (40%)		43/198 (22%)	17/42 (40%)
Gastric emptying measures	4-hour solid retention, means ± SD	36% ± 22%	32% ± 20%	.008	37% ± 23%	33% ± 18%	.28
	4-hour solid retention severity
	Mild, 10%–20% retained	29%	38%	.02	29%	29%	.17
	Moderate, 20%–35% retained	29%	31%		27%	40%
	Severe, >35% retained	42%	31%		44%	31%
	2-hour solid retention, means ± SD	65% ± 19%	64% ± 18%	.53	65% ± 19%	65% ± 18%	.89
	1-hour liquid retention, means ± SD	49% ± 17%	50% ± 17%	.73	48% ± 19%	50% ± 12%	.75
Health resource utilization	Hospitalized for gastroparesis in past year	131/240 (55%)	123/343 (36%)	<.0001	114/198 (58%)	17/42 (40%)	.06
	Hospitalizations per year, means ± SD	3.3 ± 5.5	1.5 ± 4.2	<.0001	3.6 ± 5.7	1.8 ± 3.8	.01
	Medication use
	Prokinetics	129/240 (54%)	182/343 (53%)	.87	106/198 (54%)	23/42 (55%)	1.00
	Antiemetics	173/240 (72%)	172/343 (50%)	<.0001	146/198 (74%)	27/42 (64%)	.26
	Opiate analgesics	145/240 (60%)	204/343 (59%)	.82	114/198 (58%)	31/42 (71%)	.06
	Neuropathic pain modulators	101/240 (42%)	77/343 (22%)	<.0001	82/198 (41%)	19/42 (45%)	.73
	Laxatives	36/75 (48%)	51/141 (36%)	.09	22/48 (46%)	14/27 (52%)	.64

PAGI-SYM, Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Symptoms.