Table 2.

Involvement of exosomes in influencing the function of tumor cells.

The role of tumor cells-derived exosomes in influencing tumor cells
Cancer type	Donor cells	Recipient cells	Study molecule	Signal axis	Effect	Ref.
Melanoma	Tumor cells	Tumor cells	RAB27A		Migration and invasion↑	[32]
Lung cancer	Tumor cells	Tumor cells	lnc-MMP2-2	lnc-MMP2-2→MMP2↑	Migration and invasion↑	[33]
CRC	Hypoxic tumor cells	Normoxic tumor cells	HIF1A	HIF1A→Wnt4-activated β-catenin signaling pathway↑	Migration and invasion↑	[34]
PDAC	Tumor cells	Tumor cells	miR-222	miR-222→p27↓	Proliferation, invasion and migration↑	[35]
Breast cancer	Tumor cells	Tumor cells	CAV1		Migration and invasion↑	[36]
Breast cancer	Exosomes from plasma of healthy donor(the exception of study mode)	Tumor cells	surface proteins	surface proteins→FAK signaling pathway↑	Adhesive ability and migration↑	[37]
The role of microenvironment cells-derived exosomes in influencing tumor cells
CRC	Tumor associated M2 macrophages	Tumor cells	miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p	miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p → BRG1↓	Migration and invasion↑	[38]
OSCC	CAFs	Tumor cells	miR-34a-5p	miR-34a-5p→AXL↓→AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway↑	Proliferation, EMT and metastasis↑	[39]
HCC	CSCs	Tumor cells	exosomal molecules	exosomal molecules→Bax and p53↓, Bcl2↑; VEGF↑; P13K, ERK and MMP9↑, TIMP1↓; TGFβ1↑	Tumor progression↑	[40]
	BM-MSCs		exosomal molecules	contrary to the above expression changes	Tumor progression↓

Note: Colorectal cancer, CRC, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC; Oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC; Cancer-associated fibroblast, CAF; Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC; Cancer stem cell, CSC; Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cell, BM-MSC; ↑, Upregulated or activated; ↓, Downregulated or inhibited.