Table 3.

Baseline and post-surgical levels of glucose, insulin, and gut hormones secreted following a mixed meal prior to and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and participants without diabetes (Control).

Variable	Group	n	Baseline	n	6-Month	p-value (vs baseline)	n	24-Month	p-value (vs baseline)
Peak Glucose (mmol/l)	T2DM	39	9.96 (9.14–10.78)	38	9.32 (8.89–9.75)	0.09	35	9.79 (9.32–10.25)	0.69
	Control	21	6.88 (6.57–7.18)	22	7.98 (7.56–8.4)	<0.001	17	9.05 (8.62–9.48)	<0.001
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			<0.001		<0.001			0.022
Glucose AUC (mmol-4 hr/l)	T2DM	39	2130 (1942–2319)	38	1523 (1445–1602)	<0.001	35	1472 (1385–1559)	<0.001
	Control	21	1448 (1382–1514)	22	1278 (1234–1321)	<0.001	17	1347 (1298–1395)	0.022
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			<0.001		<0.001			0.014
Peak Insulin (pmol/l)	T2DM	39	491.9 (405.1–578.7)	38	807.5 (617–997.9)	<0.001	35	771.4 (641.5–901.4)	<0.001
	Control	21	778.3 (596.8–959.7)	22	1137.4 (863.7–1411.2)	0.003	17	1221 (1022.1–1419.8)	<0.001
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.006		0.05			<0.001
Insulin AUC (pmol-4hr/l)	T2DM	39	66376 (57212–75539)	38	51305 (41779–60832)	<0.001	35	44929 (38306–51552)	<0.001
	Control	21	89867(66916–112818)	22	57628(46770–68487)	0.001	17	57365(46776–67954)	0.006
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.06		0.39			0.05
Fasting GIP (pmol/l)	T2DM	40	16.5 (13.3–19.7)	38	13.5 (12–15.1)	0.029	35	14.6 (12.9–16.3)	0.17
	Control	21	15.1 (12.3–18)	22	12.5 (10.8–14.2)	0.1	17	14.7 (12.9–16.5)	0.78
p-value (T2DM vs Ctrl)			0.52		0.38			0.94
Peak GIP (pmol/l)	T2DM	40	140.4 (124–156.9)	38	150.9 (131.1–170.7)	0.29	35	159.4 (133.7–185.1)	0.14
	Control	21	129.2 103.8–154.6)	22	156.6 (130.3–182.8)	0.036	17	135.1 (112.4–157.9)	0.62
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.46		0.73			0.16
GIP AUC (pmol-4hr/l)	T2DM	40	16167 (14522–17813)	38	11727 (10355–13099)	<0.001	35	12435 (10544–14325)	<0.001
	Control	21	15879 (13280–18478)	22	13126 (11146–15107)	0.004	17	12048 (10042–14055)	0.001
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.85		0.25			0.78
Fasting GLP-1 (pmol/l)	T2DM	40	4.3 (3.5–5.2)	37	3.5 (2.9–4)	0.04	35	3.3 (2.8–3.9)	0.011
	Control	20	4.4 (3.3–5.4)	21	2.7 (2.1–3.3)	<0.001	17	3.5 (2.7–4.3)	0.05
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.94		0.08			0.75
Peak GLP-1 (pmol/l)	T2DM	40	9.7 (7.4–11.9)	38	68.5 (59.2–77.7)	<0.001	35	66.9 (58.3–75.5)	<0.001
	Control	21	12.2 (3.1–21.3)	22	66.2 (49.7–82.6)	<0.001	17	69.2 (56.5–82)	<0.001
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.59		0.81			0.76
GLP-1 AUC (pmol/l)	T2DM	40	1445 (1243–1647)	38	4441 (3971–4912)	<0.001	35	4067 (3629–4505)	<0.001
	Control	21	1399 (1068–1730)	22	4194 (3435–4953)	<0.001	17	3910 (3282–4538)	<0.001
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.82		0.58			0.69
Fasting Glucagon (ng/l)	T2DM	40	78.5 (71.6–85.4)	38	66.1 (59.9–72.4)	<0.001	35	66.8 (61.5–72.1)	<0.001
	Control	21	85 (72–97.9)	22	70 (60.8–79.2)	<0.001	17	68.6 (59–78.2)	<0.001
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.38		0.49			0.75
Peak Glucagon (ng/l)	T2DM	40	102.2 (91.9–112.5)	38	113.3 (106.5–120)	0.045	35	112.3 (105.4–119.2)	0.05
	Control	21	99.2 (84.7–113.8)	22	105.9 (94.9–116.8)	0.17	17	109.9 (97.5–122.3)	0.05
p-value (T2DM vs Ctrl)			0.74		0.25			0.74
Glucagon AUC (ng-4 hr/l)	T2DM	40	20490 (18782–22198)	38	21880 (20834–22925)	0.06	35	21526 (20124–22928)	0.19
	Control	21	21356 (18312–24401)	22	22023 (19867–24179)	0.44	17	23083 (20385–25780)	0.14
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control)			0.62		0.91			0.31

Mean (95% CI). Estimates are based on Wald t-test from generalized linear model.