Table 1.
Demographics and baseline clinical characteristics for both groups.
| Clinical Values | E-coaching group (n = 205) | SOC group (n = 197) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.1(6.3) | 65.9(4.8) | 0.15 |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 127(62.0) | 126(64.0) | 0.75 |
| University education, no. (%) | 109(53) | 97(49) | 0.42 |
| Smoking history, no. (%) | |||
| Non-smoker | 104(50.7) | 80(40.6) | 0.053 |
| Ex-smoker | 86(42.0) | 101(51.3) | 0.08 |
| Light (<10 cigarettes/day) | 9(4.4) | 9(4.6) | 1 |
| Moderate (11–19) | 6(2.9) | 3(1.5) | 0.53 |
| Heavy (>20) | 0 | 4(2.0) | 0.12 |
| Ethnicity, no. (%) | |||
| White | 182(88.8) | 172(87.3) | 0.76§ |
| Asian | 20(9.8) | 14(7.1) | 0.76§ |
| Black Afro-Caribbean | 1(0.5) | 5(2.5) | 0.76§ |
| Other | 2(1.0) | 6(3.0) | 0.76§ |
| Medical History | |||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis, no. (%) | 8(3.9) | 3(1.5) | 0.25 |
| BP medication, no. (%) | 105(51.2) | 83(42.1) | 0.08 |
| Cholesterol medication, no. (%) | 98(47.8) | 84(42.6) | 0.40 |
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 35(17.1) | 22(11.2) | 0.12 |
| Atrial fibrillation, no. (%) | 9(4.4) | 11(5.6) | 0.75 |
| Family History CAD, no. (%) | 75(36.6) | 60(31) | 0.25 |
| Risk Scores | |||
| QRISK2*, 10-year risk, % | 16.5(12.7; 23.1) | 16.5(12.6; 21.1) | 0.56 |
| Framingham risk score, 10-year risk, % | 16(9) | 17.8(10) | 0.54 |
| Risk Stratification | |||
| High risk, no. (%) | 73(36) | 62(31) | 0.38 |
| QRISK2 for high risk*, 10-year risk, % | 25.7(22.2; 31.2) | 26.3(21.8; 31.2) | 0.99 |
| Mod risk (n) | 132(64) | 135(69) | 0.38 |
| QRISK2 for mod*, 10-year risk, % | 13.9(11.8; 16.2) | 13.7(11.6; 16.7) | 0.95 |
| High risk or diabetes, no. (%) | 79(39) | 67(34) | 0.4 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 132.5(13.3) | 132.3(14.8) | 0.88 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.2(9.2) | 80(8.6) | 0.34 |
| Weight, Kg | 80.7(18.4) | 79.7(16) | 0.56 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 28.1(5.6) | 27.4(4.4) | 0.16 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 104.7(10.3) | 103.6(8.2) | 0.25 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 95.8(15.2) | 95.4(12) | 0.81 |
| Total Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9(1.1) | 5.1(1.1) | 0.09 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.6(0.5) | 1.6(0.4) | 0.95 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.8(1) | 2.9(1) | 0.10 |
| Triglyceride*, mmol/L | 1.1(0.8; 1.5) | 1.3(0.8; 1.5) | 0.31 |
| Glucose*, mmol/L | 5.5(5.1; 6.0) | 5.5(5.1; 5.9) | 0.71 |
| hsCRP*, mg/L | 1.2(0.7; 2.5) | 1.3(0.7; 2.4) | 0.76 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 sqm | 82.9(20.1) | 81.9(17.9) | 0.58 |
| Physical activity, minutes per day | 70.8(75.6) | 64.9(91.9) | 0.48 |
| Lifestyle score, out of 10, 10 being best score | 6.9(1.3) | 6.8(1.3) | 0.22 |
| Surrogate Markers | |||
| PWV, m/s | 8.5(1.7) | 8.9(1.6) | 0.027* |
| CIMT (combined right and left), mm | 0.705(0.13) | 0.736(0.13) | 0.02* |
| Quality of Life | |||
| Self-rated health state*, best health score 100 | 80(65–90) | 80(65–90) | 0.21 |
| EQ-5D-3L VAS value*, best quality of life score 1) | 0.76(0.73; 01.0) | 0.76(0.69; 1.0) | 0.39 |
Results presented as mean (SD) or *median (interquartile range), unless stated otherwise.
§ white vs. non-white.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; PWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EQ-5D-3L VAS, Euroqol, 5 dimension, 3 level visual analogue scale – validated questionnaire; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IQR, inter quartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mod, moderate; pd, per day; QOL, quality of life.