Table 4.
ARBQ item rankings, means, and standard deviations from samples in China, Iran, and 4 high-income countries.
| No | Item (How often do you…) | China | Iran | 4 high-income countries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | M | SD | R | M | SD | R | M | SD | ||
| 39 | Look both ways before crossing | 1 | 4.26 | 1.19 | 1 | 4.21 | 1.13 | 1 | 4.10 | 1.05 |
| 20 | Keep looking and listening until you get all the way across the road | 2 | 4.23 | 1.13 | 5 | 3.32 | 1.4 | 4 | 3.30 | 1.23 |
| 22 | Check to make sure traffic has stopped before using a pedestrian crossing | 3 | 4.17 | 1.15 | 3 | 3.42 | 1.34 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.21 |
| 16 | Cross at a place that is well lit when it is dark | 4 | 3.79 | 1.36 | 2 | 3.5 | 1.35 | 16 | 2.50 | 1.17 |
| 32 | Use lights on your bike when it is dark | 5 | 2.73 | 1.64 | 21 | 2.28 | 1.61 | 6 | 2.83 | 1.17 |
| 41 | Use a traffic police (lollipop man/lady) where there is one available | 5 | 2.73 | 1.44 | 22 | 2.27 | 1.36 | 22 | 2.28 | 1.02 |
| 36 | Walk in single file on roads without pavements | 7 | 2.67 | 1.43 | 6 | 3.06 | 1.41 | 10 | 2.65 | 1.58 |
| 27 | Have to stop quickly or turn back to avoid traffic | 8 | 2.53 | 1.38 | 8 | 2.87 | 1.31 | 10 | 2.65 | 1.27 |
| 13 | Make traffic slow down or stop to let you cross | 9 | 2.39 | 1.35 | 13 | 2.57 | 1.36 | 12 | 2.63 | 1.36 |
| 25 | Not bother walking to a nearby crossing to cross the road | 10 | 2.22 | 1.3 | 12 | 2.58 | 1.36 | 3 | 3.35 | 1.15 |
| 10 | Wear a cycle helmet when riding a bike | 11 | 2.17 | 1.44 | 31 | 1.94 | 1.38 | 20 | 2.36 | 1.41 |
| 29 | Cross when you cannot see both ways very well (like on a bend or top of hill) | 12 | 2.14 | 1.19 | 17 | 2.38 | 1.29 | 19 | 2.40 | 1.02 |
| 37 | Hang around in the road talking to friends | 13 | 2.01 | 1.16 | 35 | 1.66 | 1.12 | 26 | 2.16 | 1.13 |
| 42 | Cross from behind a stationary vehicle | 14 | 1.99 | 1.15 | 9 | 2.77 | 1.27 | 13 | 2.61 | 1.12 |
| 1 | Forget to look properly because you are talking to friends who are with you | 15 | 1.88 | 0.98 | 15 | 2.45 | 1.35 | 7 | 2.82 | 1.12 |
| 30 | Wear reflective clothing when crossing the road | 16 | 1.86 | 1.08 | 30 | 2.05 | 1.27 | 37 | 1.50 | 0.89 |
| 5 | Walk facing the traffic when on roads without pavements | 16 | 1.86 | 1.2 | 20 | 2.32 | 1.28 | 14 | 2.60 | 1.28 |
| 35 | Wear reflective clothing when out on foot in the dark | 16 | 1.86 | 1.17 | 23 | 2.25 | 1.37 | 35 | 1.66 | 1.05 |
| 31 | Think it is OK to cross safely, but a car is coming faster than you thought. | 16 | 1.86 | 1.01 | 11 | 2.59 | 1.17 | 23 | 2.27 | 1.03 |
| 3 | Wear bright or reflective clothing when riding a bike in the dark | 20 | 1.74 | 1.09 | 18 | 2.35 | 1.44 | 32 | 1.83 | 1.25 |
| 8 | Get part way across the road and then have to run the rest of the way to avoid traffic | 21 | 1.72 | 0.97 | 7 | 2.9 | 1.38 | 5 | 2.87 | 1.08 |
| 17 | Run across a road without looking because you are in a hurry | 22 | 1.62 | 0.88 | 28 | 2.13 | 1.2 | 26 | 2.16 | 1.13 |
| 28 | Forget to look properly because you are thinking about something else | 23 | 1.61 | 0.87 | 19 | 2.33 | 1.22 | 17 | 2.46 | 1.04 |
| 14 | Cross without waiting for the ‘green man’ | 24 | 1.58 | 0.88 | 14 | 2.46 | 1.4 | 15 | 2.53 | 1.17 |
| 18 | Cross between parked cars when there is a safer place to cross nearby | 25 | 1.56 | 0.87 | 10 | 2.68 | 1.3 | 8 | 2.80 | 1.10 |
| 33 | See a small gap in traffic and “go for it” | 26 | 1.53 | 0.86 | 4 | 3.35 | 1.36 | 9 | 2.77 | 1.20 |
| 34 | Not notice a car pulling out (say from a driveway) and walk in front of it. | 27 | 1.48 | 0.81 | 16 | 2.43 | 1.11 | 23 | 2.27 | 1.05 |
| 40 | Walking on the road rather than on the pavement | 27 | 1.48 | 0.84 | 25 | 2.21 | 1.3 | 21 | 2.29 | 1.01 |
| 24 | Not notice an approaching car when playing games in the road | 29 | 1.44 | 0.81 | 33 | 1.69 | 1.11 | 31 | 1.91 | 1.07 |
| 7 | Cross whether traffic is coming or not, thinking the traffic should stop for you | 30 | 1.41 | 0.78 | 29 | 2.09 | 1.28 | 25 | 2.26 | 1.20 |
| 11 | Not look because you cannot hear any traffic around | 31 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 27 | 2.14 | 1.31 | 17 | 2.46 | 1.21 |
| 12 | Use a mobile phone and forget to look properly | 32 | 1.37 | 0.77 | 24 | 2.24 | 1.21 | 29 | 2.04 | 1.12 |
| 4 | Run around in a road (e.g. when playing foot ball or bull dog) | 33 | 1.36 | 0.75 | 36 | 1.58 | 1.09 | 28 | 2.07 | 1.18 |
| 15 | Climb over barriers or railings that separate the road from the pavement | 34 | 1.32 | 0.69 | 26 | 2.21 | 1.18 | 30 | 1.95 | 1.14 |
| 23 | Ride on a skateboard (or roller-skates/roller-blades) on the road | 35 | 1.30 | 0.72 | 32 | 1.71 | 1.17 | 34 | 1.78 | 1.15 |
| 26 | Run into the road to get a ball, without checking for traffic. | 36 | 1.27 | 0.65 | 38 | 1.56 | 1 | 33 | 1.82 | 1.01 |
| 38 | Deliberately run across the road without looking, for a dare | 37 | 1.21 | 0.62 | 34 | 1.69 | 1.04 | 40 | 1.37 | 0.83 |
| 6 | Ride out into the road on a skateboard without thinking to check for traffic | 38 | 1.21 | 0.61 | 37 | 1.57 | 1.11 | 38 | 1.41 | 0.84 |
| 21 | Hold on to a moving vehicle when riding a bike | 39 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 39 | 1.52 | 1.04 | 39 | 1.39 | 0.89 |
| 2 | Hold on to a moving vehicle when riding a skateboard/roller-skates/rollerblades. | 40 | 1.14 | 0.49 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 41 | 1.33 | 0.82 |
| 9 | Play “chicken” by deliberately running out in front of traffic | 41 | 1.12 | 0.47 | 41 | 1.5 | 1.03 | 43 | 1.30 | 0.79 |
| 19 | Play ‘chicken’ by lying down in the road and waiting for cars to come along | 42 | 1.08 | 0.43 | 42 | 1.5 | 1.04 | 42 | 1.31 | 0.83 |
| Cross less than an hour after drinking alcohol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 35 | 1.66 | 1.12 | |