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Lactate increases the excitability of orexin neurons. A, Typical responses to positive current ramps from 0 to 100 pA (5 s) in low-energy (LE) (0.5 mm glucose) and high-energy (HE) (0.5 mm glucose plus 5 mm lactate) conditions. B, Instantaneous firing rate of a representative cell during the incremental current injection for LE (filled circles) or HE (hollow circles) condition. C, Grouped data showing average firing frequency in 10 pA bins. Error bars indicate SEM.
